Glossary for world cities meaning and definition of term

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Glossary for world cities meaning and definition of term

The meaning and definition of term brownfield sites is land which has previously been built upon and is ready for re-urbanisation. agenda 21 recommends recycling of old sites.
The meaning and definition of term comparison goods is goods that are bought less than everyday convenience goods. e.g. clothes electrical and household goods
The meaning and definition of term conurbation is a very large urban area, formed by the merging together of two or more cities, engulfing smaller towns and cities.
The meaning and definition of term counter urbanisation is this occurs when increasing numbers of people move out of urban areas into the rural-urban fringe or further away to rural villages. the rise of new communication technologies, especially electronic systems, may have encouraged this movement.
The meaning and definition of term decentralisation is movement of people and functions (like offices or supermarkets) from the centre to the edge.
The meaning and definition of term deprivation is the degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities. poverty, lack of housing, unemployment, poor health, and lack of opportunity.
The meaning and definition of term density of population is the number of people per unit of area, usually km2
The meaning and definition of term eco-quarter is bids will be invited by local authorities for £15 million to “retrofit” existing houses with energy saving measures.
The meaning and definition of term eco towns is july 2009 gordon brown announced plans to create hundreds of thousands of homes in 10 "carbon neutral" communities e.g. north-west bicester, oxfordshire
The meaning and definition of term edge city is a satellite city on the edge of a major metropolitan area with independent social and economic status. e.g. los angeles.
The meaning and definition of term environmental quality is reduction in quality caused by urbanization; air pollution - from cars, factories and power stations. water pollution – from factories , power stations and human waste. loss of green open space – from urban sprawl
The meaning and definition of term flagship scheme is a high profile development designed to encourage investment in an area and to be a model for further developments e.g. canary wharf.
The meaning and definition of term functions is the purposes for the establishment and growth of a settlement. small settlements like mining villages have only one function. the larger the settlement the greater the number and variety of functions they have.
The meaning and definition of term “gated” community is a common feature of us cities – enclaves of very high income groups seeking to isolate themselves
The meaning and definition of term gentrification is this is when the status of an inner city area, which has been neglected, becomes upgraded and fashionable as wealthier people move back in. they have greater resources and improve and increase the area’s status again.
The meaning and definition of term globalisation is a set of processes leading to the integration of economic, cultural, political and social systems across geographical boundaries.
The meaning and definition of term green belt is the area of open space or low density urban land uses around a town or city in which any new developments of an urban nature are strictly controlled or forbidden by planners and local authorities.
The meaning and definition of term greenfield site is land which has never previously been built upon.
The meaning and definition of term hierarchy of settlement is this is when settlements are placed in order according to size or the number of goods and services supplied by them. it has a pyramid shape as because there are more small settlements than large ones.
The meaning and definition of term housing association is independent non-profit making organisation for managing, building and renovating housing.
The meaning and definition of term infilling is the use of open spaces within a conurbation to build new housing or services, often close to where a green belt restricts outwards growth.
The meaning and definition of term in- migration/ out-migration is the movement of people between places within one country such as in and out of a town or city.
The meaning and definition of term megacity is a city with more than 10 million inhabitants. e.g. tokyo, shanghai, mumbai, lagos, sao paulo, buenos aires, jakarta, calcutta
The meaning and definition of term millionaire city is a city of more than one million people.
The meaning and definition of term multiple deprivation is measuring a range of problems that exacerbate the problems for inner city dwellers in medcs and peripheral dwellers in ledcs; income, employment, crime, health, disability, overcrowding, homelessness, poor skills, poor language skills, poor education and lack of prospects.
The meaning and definition of term out-of-town retailing is concerns a shopping outlet on the edge of an urban area. here land is cheaper, and there is space for expansion, car parking, and associated leisure activities. examples include bluewater, trafford centre, metro centre and meadowhall
The meaning and definition of term poverty is measurement in england is entitlement to free school meals – uk average is 16% but
The meaning and definition of term primate pattern of settlement is this distribution exists in a country when the largest settlement is much more than twice the size of the second largest settlement. it may be many times larger and this means that the rank size rule does not apply. e.g. peru with lima
The meaning and definition of term range is the maximum distance that a person is prepared to travel to purchase goods or services. the range marks the limits of the area served by a settlement
The meaning and definition of term regeneration is urban regeneration takes a variety of forms; gentrification ( spittalfields), property-led regeneration schemes (the 2012 olympic –stratford), partnership schemes between local and national governments (canary wharf) and the private sector. many city centres in the uk have had to undergo change in an attempt to stop the ‘donut effect.’ e.g. greenwich penninsula site
The meaning and definition of term retrofit is make changes to improve the structure of buildings to incorporate technological advances that were not available when the buildings were originally constructed.
The meaning and definition of term re- urbanisation is this means an increasing number of people moving back into the inner suburbs having previously lived in the suburbs or rural areas. (new build, gentrification and social housing within the inner areas).
The meaning and definition of term rural- urban fringe is the areas of countryside around the built up area. land uses include golf courses and water supply. this area is under great pressure from city growth, because of a desire to move out of town.
The meaning and definition of term segregation is the separation of different functions or different groups of people within cities so that they are concentrated in areas to the exclusion of others. e.g. shops and offices in the cbd.
The meaning and definition of term selfhelp is the city authorities hope to improve living conditions by helping the residents to help themselves. they grant squatters legal title to their land; provide essential infrastructure such as mains water, roads and electricity and give loans to residents to purchase building materials and hire builders to improve their homes.
The meaning and definition of term shanty town is an area of poor low cost housing often around a big city in ledcs, often without full provision of services. e.g. favelas in brazil, barriadas in peru and bustees in india.
The meaning and definition of term site and services scheme is a method of encouraging housing improvement in poor areas of ledc cities. the government provide the land and installs electricity and water. local people can obtain a plot in the scheme for low rent and then build their own houses.
The meaning and definition of term slum clearance is e.g. dharavi, mumbai, india people will be re-housed in temporarily and housing replaced with 7 storey tenements. any family that can prove they have been living in dharavi since 1995 will receive free housing. the rest will be sold
The meaning and definition of term slums of despair is areas such as kibera, nairobi, kenya is called kibera and has over 800,000 inhabitants. recently the rents were raised there and many poor people can barely afford to eat. it had became a political hot topic leading to severe violence, fires, protests and riots. most feared for their lives. if the riots and protests do not kill them then surely hiv/aids or the raw sewage runoff into nairobi river, which is used downstream for people washing their clothes. still even worse most of the landlords of the slum (60%) are government officers or politicians. volunteer health clinic workers say that over 50% of the problems they see are hygiene related. people cannot afford to pay for some of the open pit latrines and instead hold it until night time and defecate into a plastic bag and throw it into the street or on a neighbor's roof. they call these "flying toilets" and unfortunately nearly all the roofs leak or are in a state of disrepair. in most countries clearance policies have been largely abandoned.
The meaning and definition of term slums of hope is shanties are generally accepted as being part of development policy nowadays and there are successful attempts made to improve the conditions for the inhabitants. e.g. cingapura, self help, site and services in sao paulao.
The meaning and definition of term spheres of influence is area served by a settlement, or area from within which people are attracted to buy goods or services from retail outlets.
The meaning and definition of term squatter settlements is this is the first area f self-help housing for many newcomers into cities in ledcs; they are lower status than shanty towns.
The meaning and definition of term stakeholders is people who have a valid interest in a planning decision such as developers, shoppers, local authorities, water authority and environmentalists.
The meaning and definition of term stewardship is being a global citizen and custodian. everyone has the responsibility for the welfare of the world, its organisms and its people.
The meaning and definition of term structure of settlements is the form and layout of land uses in urban areas. urban models attempt to summarize these.
The meaning and definition of term suburbanisation is the increased movement of people services and industries from the centre to the edges of cities.
The meaning and definition of term suburbanised villages is villages that have grown as a result of people moving out of cities. the structure of the settlement and socio-economic characteristics are changed.
The meaning and definition of term sustainable neighbourhoods is urban environmental sustainability can be defined as meeting the present needs of urban populations in such a way as to avoid harming the opportunities for future generations to meet their needs. this can only be achieved by organising and managing cities: to minimise damage to the environment and to prevent depletion of natural resources
The meaning and definition of term threshold is minimum number of people needed to make a service profitable.
The meaning and definition of term total diversion rate is the amount of material in kg/household /year that is recycled and or composted instead of going to landfill.
The meaning and definition of term urban models is these represent attempts to summarise the distribution of land uses in urban areas.
The meaning and definition of term urban settlement is can be distinguished from a rural settlement by; greater size, larger area, larger sphere of influence, more functions and wider range of services.
The meaning and definition of term urban sprawl is aka suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area.
The meaning and definition of term urban zone is part of a city with similar land uses e.g. cbd, low value housing, industrial areas, and inner city.
The meaning and definition of term urbanisation is increasing proportion of country’s population living within urban areas. there are two causes of urbanisation: natural population growth and migration from rural to urban areas
The meaning and definition of term waste management is cities have limited “carrying capacities”. they can only manage a certain amount of waste. a sustainable city is better equipped to grow and develop economically and cope with future population rises. uk by 2015 aims to recycle 33% of waste. various estimates…over 400 million tonnes per year. uk mainly dependant on landfill (4000 sites) 85% of waste. recycling and its alternatives.
The meaning and definition of term world city is a city that acts as a major centre for finance, trade, business, politics, culture etc. these cities have great influence on the global scale and have worldwide commercial power. ny, london and tokyo sit at the top of the global hierarchy

Source : http://www.sln.org.uk/Geography/Documents/Glossaries/Glossary%20for%20World%20Cities.doc

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