Revolutions in Europe and Latin America summary and notes

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Revolutions in Europe and Latin America summary and notes

Revolutions in Europe and Latin America

(1790-1848)

21.1 An Age of Ideologies

“A revolutionary seed has been planted in Europe.” -Prince Clemens von Metternich
Metternich believed French Revolution and Napoleon threatened monarchs and basic social values.
Opposing _ideologies, __or systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe into 30 years of instability

Conservatives and the Old Order

Congress of vienna victory for conservatives
What did conservatives want?
Turn the clock back before 1789
Social hierarchy
Established church
Peace and stability through control

The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge

Liberal Goals
Middle Class or “bourgeoisie liberalism”
Constitutional Governments and separation of powers
Natural Rights
Elections
Later: universal male suffrage, giving all men the right to vote

Nationalist Goals

Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires included diverse people so…
Austrian Empire tried to unite and win independence for particular group
Nationalism often bred intolerance and persecution

Revolts Against the Old Order

Revolutionaries fought against the old order
Rebellions in the Balkans owned by the Ottoman Empire
Various religious and ethnic groups

Independence for Serbia

Serbs revolt
1804 to 1813, leader Karageorge led a guerilla war against Ottomans
Unsuccessful but led to revival of Serb culture
Milos Obrenovic, in 1815, led more successful rebellion. By 1830, with Russia’s help, Serbs win autonomy, or self-government from the Ottoman empire
Russia continues close relations

Independence for Greece

1821 Greeks revolt against ottoman empire
At first badly divided, but united by suffering
Leaders said it was a “national war, holy war, a war the object of which is to reconquer the rights of individual liberty.”
Supported by Western Europe

Lord Byron

The English Poet Lord Byron went to Greece to help the fight for Independence.
“The sword, the banner, and the field, Glory and Greece around me see!”

Other Challenges

Revolts spread to the southern fringe of Europe
Spain, Portugal and Italy wanted Constitutional Governments
Metternich urged leaders to suppress revolts
Troops quieted them, but only temporarily

Essential Questions

Identify: conservatives, liberals, nationalists, Karageorge, Milos Obrenovic
Ideology, universal manhood suffrage, autonomy
What were the goals of conservative leaders?
How did the political goals of the conservative differ from those of the liberals? How did nationalists threated the system set up by Metternich?
Why did the Serbs and Greeks revolt? Why were there uprisings in Spain, Portugal, and the Italian states?

21.2 Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

Suppression of uprisings did not end the age of Revolutions.
“We are sleeping on a volcano. Do you not see that the Earth trembles anew? A wind of revolution blows, the storm is on the horizon.” -Alexis de Tocqueville
1830 and 1848, full scale revolts

The French Revolution of 1830

King Louis XVIII (18th) issued a constitution called the “Charter of French Liberties.”
Created a two-house legislature and allowed limited freedom of the press

Sources of Unrest

Ultraroyalists, supporters of the king, wanted to restore the old regime
High Clergy, Émigré nobles,

Liberal and Radical View

Liberal
Wanted to extend suffrage
Win power for the middle-class
Radical
Wanted a Republic
Decent Pay and affordable food

The July Revolution

Louis 18th dies and Charles X takes over
July, 1830- Charles suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote and restricted the press
Revolts in Paris
King escapes to England

The Citizen King

Radicals wanted a Republic
Moderates, a constitutional Monarchy
French legislature chose Louis Phillipe as king
Louis got along well with moderates
Personable and extended suffrage to wealthier citizens
Lower class still couldn’t vote

The French Revolution of 1848

Discontent grew in 1840’s
Secret Coalitions
Wanted suffrage
A recession, or reduced economic activity, caused jobs to be lost and food prices to soar

February Days

Violence in Feb. 1848
Louis Phillippe Runs away
Radicals proclaim the “second republic”

Louis Napoleon

End of 1848, National Assembly issued a constitution for 2nd Republic
Strong President and one house legislature
All adult males could vote
Winner of Election was Louis Napoleon, nephew of Bonaparte
Promised to help poor, but represented order

Louis Napoleon

Used presidency to gain more power and like his uncle, proclaimed himself emperor in 1852
90% of voters supported this

June Days

Upper and Middle classes take over
National workshops= waste of money and are shut down
Poor outcry “Bread or Lead!”
Lower class breeds hatred for bourgeoisie

The Spread of Revolution

Revolts in Paris inspired other uprisings
Belgium-
Poland-

1848: Another Wave of Rebellion

Middle class liberals discontent
Metternich falls- Austrian empire-revolts!
Hungarian Nationalists led by Louis Kossuth
Assisted by Russia

Rebellion

Italy- Fall of Austria leads to different points of view
German states- Student protests force king to create a constitution
Frankfurt assembly- Tried to create a constitution but was dissolved

Looking Ahead

Rebellions put down…but will spread across the world!

Essential Questions

Identify: Charter of French Liberties, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Louis Napoleon, Louis Kossuth, Frankfurt Assembly, Frederick William IV
Define: ultraroyalist, recession
Describe one cause and one effect of a) the French revolution of 1830 and B) the French Revolution of 1848.
To what lands did revolution spread in 1830? Were those revolutions successful?
Why did most of the revolutions in 1848 fail to achieve their goals?

21.3 Latin American Wars of Independence

“I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to Spain.” -Simon Bolivar

Sources of Discontent

Revolutionary Fever Spread to Latin America
Ethnic and Social Hierarchy
Peninsulares, Spanish-born, at the top
Creoles, European descended Latin Americans, Second Class
Mestizos, Native American and European descent, and Mulattoes, African and European Descent, in the third Class
Slaves on Plantations in the bottom
Enlightenment Ideas
Educated Creoles, Salons (tertulias)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon’s invasion of spain in 1808. Latin American leaders saw a chance to reject Spanish rule

Haiti’s Struggle for Independence

France’s ill treatment of slaves on sugar plantations
25,000 free mulattos some wealthy and owned slaves but didn’t have same rights
A Slave Revolt
1791, Slave revolt caused by ideas and poor treatment
Leader: Toussaint L’Ouverture, self educated former slave
Long and complex struggle
By 1798, enslaved Haitians were freed and Toussaint controlled most of the island

Independence

In 1802, Napoleon tries to reconquer Haiti
Toussaint encourages people to fight for nidependence
Yellow Fever
A Temporary Truce, but Toussaint captured and died in Prison
1804, Haiti Declares Independence and by 1820, it is a republic

Independence for Mexico and Central America

Slave Revolt in Haiti frightened Creoles in Latin America
El Grito de Dolores
Father Hidalgo’s Speech “My Children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover the lands stolen from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards 300 years ago?”
A Poor Army formed around him, eventually captured and executed
Jose Morelos
Another Priest Leader of Revolt, fought for 4 years before being captured and shot in 1815

Independence Achieved

Liberals forced Spain to issue a constitution
Augustine de Iturbide, a conservative creole alarmed
He reached out to former enemies to achieve independence
Independence Achieved, Emperor of Spain…but only a little while. Eventually overthrown and Mexico became a Republic
New Republics
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica

Independence in South America

A Native American Revolt
Leader Tupac Amaru, descendant of Incan kings
Wanted to end forced Indian labor
Led a large revolt, but killed..however forced labor ended by Spanish

Simon Bolivar

Admired French and American Revolutions
When Napoleon occupied Spain, Bolivar acted
1810, Set up Republic in Venezuela, but toppled, much Civil War
Took Bogota from Surprised Spanish
By 1821, Freed Venezuela..called “The Liberator”

San Martin

Like Bolivar, a Creole
Born in Argentina, trained in Europe
Defeated Spanish in Chile
Different views from Bolivar so he stepped down

Dreams and Disappointments

Wars over by 1824
Bolivar tried to Unite lands into Gran Colombia
Bitter rivalries…split into Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador
Further Problems
“We have achieved our independence at the expense of everything else.” –Bolivar

Independence for Brazil

When napoleon took Portugal, the king fled to Brazil
When he returned, he left his son, Dom Pedro in charge
Portugal later wanted to limit the freedom of Brazil…Dom says no
Becomes Emperor of Independent Brazil…monarchy until 1889 when it became a republic due to political and social turmoil

Essential Questions

Identify: Toussaint L’Ouveture, Miguel Hidalgo, el Grito de Dolores, Jose Morelos, Tupac Amaru, Simon Bolivar, Dom Pedro
Define: peninsular, creole, mestizo, mulatto, truce
How did social structure contribute to discontent in Latin America?
What was the first step on Haiti’s road to independence? Why did creoles refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?
How did successful military campaigns lead to the creation of Independent nations in South America?

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