American history questions and answers study guide

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American history questions and answers study guide

Terms

TERMS British colonization Joint-Stock companies Jamestown Tobacco Powhatan House of Burgesses Bacon’s Rebellion Slavery King Phillip’s War New England Town meetings Puritans Separatists Quakers Rhode Island Religious tolerance Salem Witch Trials Massachusetts Bay Colony Royal Colony Dominion of New England Dutch settlement French colonization Mercantilism Trans-Atlantic slave trade Middle Passage Growth of African American population Indentured Servant Benjamin Franklin Enlightenment Great Awakening French and Indian War Treaty of Paris (1763) Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Intolerable Act Sons of Liberty Daughters of Liberty Thomas Paine John Locke Committees of Correspondence Thomas Jefferson American Revolution Declaration of Independence French alliance Marquis de Lafayette George Washington Minutemen Battle of Bunker Hill Battle of Lexington and Concord Battle of Trenton/Princeton Battle of Saratoga Valley Forge Battle of Yorktown Gen. Lord Cornwallis Treaty of Paris (1783) Republic Republicanism Confederation Articles of Confederation James Madison Land Ordinance of 1785 Daniel Shays’ Rebellion Bicameral legislature Northwest Ordinance of 1787 James Madison Virginia Plan William Patterson New Jersey Plan Roger Sherman Great Compromise Anti-federalists Limited Government Three-Fifths Compromise Federalists Ratification The Federalists Papers U.S.Constitution Preamble Popular Sovereignty Federalism Bill of Rights Amendments Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Impeachment Implied powers Elastic Clause Enumerated/delegated powers Concurrent powers Reserved powers Judicial Review Due process Rule of Law Electoral College House of Representatives Senate Supreme Court President Chief Executive Chief Legislator Commander-In-Chief Chief Diplomat Chief of State Supremacy clause Naturalized citizen Majority rules vs. Minority rights Brown vs. Board of Education Plessy vs. Ferguson

MID-TERM REVIEW: AMERICAN BEGINNINGS TO 1783
QUESTIONS

1. List several causes for the Colonization of the New World.
2. What was the purpose of the Crusades?
3. List the importance of Prince Henry the Navigator.
4. Name four countries that wanted power in the New World.
5. What was the purpose of the Line of Demarcation?
6. Columbus set sail for what country to the new world? Why was his trip so important?
7. Explain the Columbian Exchange.
8. What were some effects on exploration of the New World?
9. List several contributions Native Americans gave toward the success of European
colonies.
10. How did Hernando Cortez improve the rise of Spanish conquistadors in the New
World?
11. Explain mercantilism.
12. What were joint-stock companies?
13. List the 13 colonies by region and a description of each region (New England,
Middle, and Southern).
14. What was the first permanent English settlement? How important was this
settlement to the New World? What saved the colony?
15. What was the first colonial assembly in the New World?
16. Explain the Age of Enlightenment. Explain the Great Awakening.
17. Describe the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade and explain the Middle Passage.
18. Why was there a need for African Slaves in the New World?
19. How did freedom of religion lead to the development of several English colonies?
20. What was the colonial reaction to the Glorious Revolution?
21. List events surrounding the French and Indian War.
22. What was the Proclamation of 1763? How did the colonists feel about it?
23. List several events surrounding the American Revolution (acts by British gov’t)
24. What were Thomas Jefferson’s principles of the Declaration of Independence?
25. List key battles in the American Revolution.
26. What did the American Revolution leave unresolved?
27. What is republicanism?
28. What is a confederation?
29. What powers did the government hold under the Articles of Confederation?
30. What were two weaknesses under the Articles of Confederation?
31. What is the basic difference between the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787?
32. What were the causes and consequences of Shay’s Rebellion?
33. Characterize the conflict between the big states and small states.
34. What plan of government was the Virginia Plan? Who authorized the Virginia Plan?
35. What counterproposal measures were included in the New Jersey Plan? Who
suggested the New Jersey Plan?
36. Who is Roger Sherman? What was the name of his plan?
37. What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?
38. Explain the three branches of government.
39. How does the system of checks and balances strengthen rather than weaken the
government’s power?
40. What is the Electoral College? Who represents the Electoral College?
41. Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
42. Explain the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (individuals who help
write The Federalist papers) in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
43. Why was there a need for the Bill of Rights?
44. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights.
45. Explain the key features (principles) of the Constitution.
46. Identify Articles I-VII of the United States Constitution.
47. Identify Amendments of the Constitution (#1-27).
48. Explain the branches of government and the persons responsible for each branch.
49. How is the President elected? Explain the roles of the President?
50. What is a cabinet? List functions of cabinet members.
51. Explain Marbury vs. Madison. What is the purpose of Judicial Review?
52. Explain the purpose of the Supremacy clause.
53. Explain the difference between a naturalized and natural born citizen.
54. Analyze how Majority rules versus Minority rights based on the rights of citizens.
55. Explain Plessy vs. Ferguson.
56. Explain Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
57. Explain rule of law.
58. Explain the Principles (key features) of the United States Constitution.
59. Identify the goals of the United States Constitution (preamble).
60. Explain the process of how a bill becomes a law.

UNITED STATES HISTORY STUDY QUESTIONS
Chapter 6: The New Republic

Chapter 6, section 1

Who was elected the first president of the United States of America?

The electoral college (a group of people representing each state) elected George Washington as the first president in 1789.

What steps did President Washington and Congress take to establish a new government?

Since there were no precedents, Washington and Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary Act of 1789 and creating the cabinet.

What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

It created a Supreme Court--consisting of a chief justice and five associate justices. It also established federal circuit and district courts which allowed state court decisions involving the federal constitution to be appealed to a federal court.

Why did federal law have to be “the supreme law of the Land” in the new nation?

If states could pass laws that contradicted federal law, the authority of the federal
government might be underminded and this would jeopardize the stability of the union.

What is a cabinet? What departments comprised the nation’s first cabinet? List their names and the functions of each department?

Cabinet is a group of advisors who are part of the Executive branch of the government. It only consisted of four (4) members under George Washington.
Thomas Jefferson (author of Declaration of Independence) was the Secretary of State –deals with foreign affairs. HenryKnox—Secretary of War—authorize to
handle military matters. Alexander Hamilton was the Secretary of Treasury—authorized to manage finances. Edmund Randolph was the Attorney General—
chief lawyer of the federal government.

What were the differences between Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s views of government?

Hamilton—wanted a strong central government; wanted an economy that will help with trade and industry; wanted to set up the Bank of the U.S.; distrusted the common people, loose interpretation of the Constitution. Jefferson—wanted a weak central government; wanted an economy that favored farmers; thought the Bank of U.S. was unconstitutional; trusted the common people, strict interpretation of the Constitution.

What were the main components of Hamilton’s economic plan?

Funded by both the federal government and wealthy private investors.

This bank would issue paper money and handle tax receipts.

The economic plan was to pay off national debts from the Revolutionary War.

This would tie the wealthy investors to the nation’s success of stabilizing the financial part of the country.

Why did the new nation need to pay off its debts?

If the country demonstrated that the new government was financially responsible it
would show the creditors, including foreign governments the country was credible. It would also bolster the government’s reputation.

How did the nation’s capital come to be located in Washington, D.C.?

The nation’s capital moved to the location of Washington D.C. because many politicians wanted to win the support of the debt problem from the southern states. Madison and Jefferson believed that a southern site for the capital would make the government more responsive to their interest.

What were the main differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican?

Federalists—wanted a strong central government; wanted the wealthy and elite to contribute to the national bank; received support from wealthy investors; economy based on trade and industry, supported loose construction of the Constitution. Democratic-Republican—wanted a strong state government; opposed the national bank; received support from farmers and southerners; economy based on agriculture, supported a strict construction of the Constitution.

What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end?

In 1789, Congress had passed a protective tariff, an import tax on good produced in Europe. This was their way of encouraging American production of goods. Farmers in western Pennsylvania found that the most economical way to transport their (corn) harvest was to first distill it into whiskey and then bring it to market. The federal government passed an excise tax on the whiskey (extra tax on whiskey). The tax discouraged the sale of whiskey which hurt the farmers’ economy and the farmers revolted. This revolt was quickly put down by 15,000 militiamen who were called by the government.

How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the federal government to demonstrate its authority?

George Washington’s orders to end revolt by exercising his right as Commander in Chief (authority to act within a state). It also showed that the new government would act decisively in times of a crisis.

UNITED STATES STUDY QUESTIONS

Ch. 9, Section 1

What factors contributed to the move west?

People moved west because of abundant land, the ideology of Manifest Destiny, to seek trade with Asian nations and overcome the Panic of 1837.

What was Manifest Destiny and how did it encourage people to settle the West?

It was the idea that the United States had a God-given right to control most or all of North American (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean). It helped movtivate settlers to go west and justified U.S. expansion.

Explain the difference in the Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail?

The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Traders (trading with Mexico) traveled to Santa Fe, where they sold cloth, guns, and knives and bought silver, gold, furs, horses, and mules. The Missionaries reach out for more land. The Oregon Trail stretched from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon became more of a family or religious trail. By 1844, about 5,000 Americans had established farms in Oregon.

4. Explain the cause and effect of the Black Hawk War.
White settlers confronted Native Americans living on the lands they desired. The Native Americans were forced to move west. Gradually Native Americans give up their homelands in one treaty after another. In 1851, the government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty with many Native American groups in which they gave up the territories away from the major trails in order for the federal government to protect migrants.

Ch. 9, Section 2
SSUSH8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.
SSUSH8d. Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso.

Why did the Mexican government encourage Americans to settle in Texas?

Mexico wanted Americans to settle in Texas because they wanted protection of the territory from raids by hostile Native Americans and American horse thieves. Also, they thought this policy would encourage more to convert to Catholicism and be less of a threat to them.

Why did the United States and Mexico come into conflict over Texas?

Conflict: Language differences (English vs. Spanish); Religious differences (most Americans were Protestant and did not adopt Roman Catholicism as agreed); Slavery (Americans continued slavery, though outlawed in Mexico); Americans wanted more freedom and government stability than Mexico was willing or able to offer.

What occurred at the Alamo? What was its significance?

ALAMO:Santa Anna’s troops laid seige for 12 days; Mexican troops finally scaled the walls and killed nearly all Texan defenders. The significance (to the Texans):
The battle was most responsible for the TEXANS winning Texas its freedom from Mexico.

Why did Texas’s request for annexation to the United States cause controversy?

Many Americans were at first reluctant to annex Texas because the Northerners opposed slavery; objected to the annexation of another slave territory; opposed the expansion of slavery; did not want slave state to outnumber the free states; many feared annexation would lead to war with Mexico.

Why did Polk compromise with the British?

He knew that there would be war with Mexico over the annexation of Texas and did not want to fight another war with Britain over the Oregon Territory.

Ch. 9, Section 3

What was cause and effect of the Mexican-American War?

Causes: Expansionists pursue Manifest Destiny, Texas wins independence from Mexico, Boundary disputes arise between Mexico and Texas, United States annexes Texas, President Polk send U.S. troops into disputed area of Texas, and Mexican and U.S. troops clash in Texas. Effect: United States wins quick victory, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes Southwest to United States, Wilmot Proviso is proposed, then defeated in Congress, Issue of Slavery in West divides nation, Mexican Americans in West lose many rights, Americans migrate to California during Gold Rush.

What made the Wilmot Proviso so divisive?

It made slavery a prominent issue, splitting the two main political parties along North-South lines, or proslavery and anti-slavery lines.

What were the effects of the California Gold Rush?

The Gold Rush brought people from around the world rushing to California, it also brought about the quick addition of California to the Union. Many people (Mexicans) faced discrimination, Native Americans were killed; there was overcrowding, lonliness, disease, and violence.

UNITED STATES HISTORY STUDY QUESTIONS
Chapter 6: The New Republic

Chapter 6, section 1

Who was elected the first president of the United States of America?

The electoral college (a group of people representing each state) elected George Washington as the first president in 1789.

What steps did President Washington and Congress take to establish a new government?

Since there were no precedents, Washington and Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary Act of 1789 and creating the cabinet.

What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

Why did federal law have to be “the supreme law of the Land” in the new nation?

If states could pass laws that contradicted federal law, the authority of the federal
government might be underminded and this would jeopardize the stability of the union.

What is a cabinet? What departments comprised the nation’s first cabinet? List their names and the functions of each department?

What were the differences between Hamilton’s and Jefferson’s views of government?

What were the main components of Hamilton’s economic plan?

Funded by both the federal government and wealthy private investors.

This bank would issue paper money and handle tax receipts.

The economic plan was to pay off national debts from the Revolutionary War.

This would tie the wealthy investors to the nation’s success of stabilizing the financial part of the country.

Why did the new nation need to pay off its debts?

How did the nation’s capital come to be located in Washington, D.C.?

What were the main differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican?

What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end?

How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the federal government to demonstrate its authority?

Chapter 6, Section 2

What was America’s reaction to the French Revolution?

Most Americans initially support the French Revolution because it was inspired by the ideal of Republican rule (American Revolution). In this revolution the French set out to create a government based on the will of the people.

Why did the United States want to maintain its neutrality?

There was a general agreement that war was not in the nation’s best interest (due to weak military and slow economy). Also, George Washington did not want to take the chance of probably fighting against the British.

What was the result of Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain?

1. Spain gave up all rights to territory east of the Mississippi River (except Florida). 2. the 31st parallel as the southern boundary the United States and the northern boundary of Florida. 3. The Mississippi River was now open to all traffic whether by Spanish subjects and U.S. citizens to allow traders to use the port of New Orleans.

Why did the United States want access to the Mississippi River?

Travel and trade were difficult on the frontier and the access to the Mississippi River would offer an easier means of transportation for frontier farmers and merchants.

Why did Native Americans demand negotiations with the United States over the Northwest Territory?

In the past the Native Americans have been excluded from negotiation that led to the Treaty of Paris and therefore has no influence over what was being done to their
lands.

Who was Little Turtle?

Little Turtle was a brilliant military strategist chieftain of the Miami tribe who defeated the American generals.

What were the causes and consequences of the battle of Fallen Timbers?

With many defeats over the present-day Ohio Territory, George Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead federal troops against the Native Americans. General Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy in a 40 minute battle which was later called the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Victory ended Native Americans resistance and they gave up most of the land in Ohio in exchange for $20,000 worth of goods and an annual payment of nearly $10,000. This agreement was known as the Treaty of Greenville.

What was the outcome of Jay’s Treaty?

The nation would control territories west of the Appalachian mountains British would evacuate the northwest territory posts but continue to fur trade.

Why were so many Americans dissatisfied with Jay’s treaty with Britain?

Jay’s Treaty barely passed the U.S. Senate, because it allowed for the British to continue their fur trade on the U.S. side of the Canadian land.

How did political parties affect the results of the election of 1796?

Because the two top vote getters in 1796 were Federalists (John Adams) and Democratic-Republican (Thomas Jefferson). Respectively in the Constitution, the highest vote getter will become President and the next highest would become Vice President. This caused sectionalism in the Executive branch. The president was John Adams and the Vice President was Thomas Jefferson. Both had different views for the country and always caused political turmoil.

What was the XYZ affair?

The American delegation planned to meet with the French foreign minister, Talleyrad. Instead the directory sent three low level officials (Adams adressed as X, Y, Z in his Congress report) who demanded a $250,000 bribe to meet with Talleyrad in order to stop harrassment of the American ships. This proved a wave of Anti-French feeling at home and the United States declared naval war with France.

What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

The Anti-French feelings caused many people to believe the French would try to overthrow our government (because of the new arrivals of French immigrants). To counter this increase of immigrants…the government sought measures for protection. Alien acts—raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 yrs and allowed the government to deport or jail any alien considered undesireable. Sedition acts—set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of government or expressing “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government

How did the Kentucky Resolutions challenge the authority of the federal government? What was the theory of nullification?

They asserted the principal of nullification, which held that, if a state considered an act by congress to be unconstitutional, it had the right to declare that action null and void—that is not binding to the law.

14. How was the presidential election of 1800 decided?

The Electoral College balloting resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the House of Representatives were called upon to choose between the two highest vote getters: Thomas Jefferson finally won and Aaron Burr became Vice President.

Chapter 6, Section 3

How did Jefferson simplify the presidency? What were the successes and failures of the Jefferson administrations?

Jefferson simplified the federal government and emphasized the importance of ordinary citizens through policies such as free trade, cut spending and taxes. Successes: reduction of the nation’s debts, the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, peace treaty with the Barbary States; Failures: the British embargo, refusal to build a bigger navy.

What was the principle of judicial review?

This gave the Supreme Court the right of Judicial Review--ability to declare a law, an act of Congress, or Executive branch action Unconstitutional. The Supreme Court checks the power of Congress and President to determine if they are constitutional.

Why was Marbury v. Madison so important?

It established the concept of judicial review, which helped to expand the power of the Supreme Court and of the federal government.

How did America gain the Louisiana Territory? Why was the United States concerned about the Louisiana Territory?

The United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, (under the administration of President Thomas Jefferson) from Napoleon Bonaparte of France. It cost 15 million dollars. It doubled the size of the United States. Jefferson wanted to resolve any problems with French presence in the U.S.

What parts of the country did Lewis and Clark explore?

Thomas Jefferson was the President during the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804. They explored the area for two years and four months. It was called the Corps of Discovery (from St. Louis to the pacific coast) they was to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals in route to the pacific and learn as much as possible about the Native American tribes encountered along the way.

Who was Sacajawea?

Sacajawea was the Native American woman who served as an interpreter and guide.

What British activities angered Americans?

The war between France and Great Britain threatens American shipping. Great Britain had seized more than 1,000 American ships and confiscated their cargoes. This action restricted American shipping. Great Britain decided that the best way of attacking Napoleon’s Europe was to blockade it. The British policy of impressment infuriates the United States (practice of seizing American ships at sea and “impressing” or drafting them into the British navy).

What was Jefferson’s reasoning behind the embargo of 1807?

Thomas Jefferson declared an embargo—a ban on exporting products to other countries. He believed that the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and force them to honor American neutrality. The Embargo Act 1807, blockades of European ports, and seizures of American vessels at sea which hurt all American foreign trade.

Chapter 6, Section 4

Why did many Americans blame Britain for their problems? Why did the war hawks call for the war with Britain?

They believed that British actions were harming their economy and threatening expansion into western lands. War Hawks discovered that Native Americans in Tecumseh’s Confederacy had been supplied with whiskey and ammunition (guns) from British Canada. James Madison decided to go to war with Britain.

Why did the Americans meet with military failure in Canada?

The American military was unprepared for war with Great Britain. In addition, after the British captured Detroit there followed many setbacks when the Americans tried to take Montreal. Major setback—the British sack and burn Washington, D.C. in 1814.

What role did Andrew Jackson play in the war?

After six (6) months of fighting (military campaign) involving four (4) battles, Jackson defeated Native Americans of the Creek tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March of 1814. Also, the Battle of New Orleans Americans win in 1815 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, a general from Tennessee but the war was over**

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent?

The Treaty of Ghent—armistice (cease fire) to end of the war which resulted in peaceful relations develop between U.S. and Great Britain.

In 1815, Commercial Treaty reopening trade (American industries grow).
In 1817, the Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes.
In 1818, a British-American commission set the northern boundary of the Louisiana territory at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
10-year joint occupation of Oregon territory
American independence is confirmed and nationalism grows in country.

UNITED STATES STUDY QUESTIONS

Based on information above (in summary) answer the following questions. You may also use book for more information relating to Chapter 9 section 1.

Ch. 9, Section 1

What factors contributed to the move west?

People moved west because of abundant land, the ideology of Manifest Destiny, to seek trade with Asian nations and overcome the Panic of 1837.

What was Manifest Destiny and how did it encourage people to settle the West?

Explain the difference in the Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail?

UNITED STATES STUDY QUESTIONS

Based on information above (in summary) answer the following questions. You may also use book for more information relating to Chapter 9 section 2.

Ch. 9, Section 2

Why did the Mexican government encourage Americans to settle in Texas?

Why did the United States and Mexico come into conflict over Texas?

What occurred at the Alamo? What was its significance?

Why did Texas’s request for annexation to the United States cause controversy?

Why did Polk compromise with the British?

He knew that there would be war with Mexico over the annexation of Texas and did not want to fight another war with Britain over the Oregon Territory.

UNITED STATES STUDY QUESTIONS

Based on information above (in summary) answer the following questions. You may also use book for more information relating to Chapter 9 section 3.

Ch. 9, Section 3

What was cause and effect of the Mexican-American War?

What made the Wilmot Proviso so divisive?

It made slavery a prominent issue, splitting the two main political parties along North-South lines, or proslavery and anti-slavery lines.

What were the effects of the California Gold Rush?

Ch. 10 section 1
1. What was the Wilmot Proviso, and why was it denounced by the South and supported by the North?
The Wilmot Proviso was legislation designed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico; the South wanted slavery to exist in new territories, but the North did not.

2. How did the northern and southern views of slavery differ?
Northerners did not rely on slavery, many did not have strong opinions about it. Some, however, believed slavery to be morally wrong. Many Southerners viewed slavery as an integral part of their economy and did not want it to end. They proposed that enslaved people were healthier and happier than they would be had they been free.

3. What were the components in Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850?
Congress would admit California as a free state. The people of the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the slavery question by popular sovereignty. The slave trade—but not slavery—would be ended in Washington, D.C. Congress would pass a strict new fugitive slave law. Texas would give up its claims to New Mexico in return for $10 million.

4. How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over slavery?
Congress debated and then adopted the Compromise of 1850. The compromise allowed for California to become a free state, strengthen fugitive slave laws, provided that new U.S. territories could choose whether to adopt slavery, and ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
Ch. 10 section 2
1. Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin raise tensions between the North and South?
Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book intensified Northerners’ compassion for enslaved people and confirmed their belief that slavery was morally wrong. Many Southerners were angered by the novel’s portrayal of slavery and resentful of the increasing activism of abolitionist Northerners.

2. How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and South?
Northerners passed personal liberty laws to combat the Fugitive Slave Act, angering Southerners. The Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified the Missouri Compromise and caused some Northerners and Southerners to set up anti-slavery and proslavery governments in Kansas.

3. What were the consequences of the Fugitive Slave Act for slaveholders, white Northerners, free African Americans, and fugitive slaves?
Slaveholders sometimes recaptured people who escaped slavery; white Northerners were angered that they were expected to capture and return people who had escaped slavery or face cruel punishment; free African Americans were often captured in the North and sent to slave owners in the South; fugitive slaves were often recaptured and return to the South, losing their opportunity for freedom in their lifetime.

4. Why did violence break out in Kansas?
People established both antislavery and proslavery governments in Kansas. Each group was determined that Kansas would enter the Union with its views entrenched in the new government (whether free state or slave state).

5. How did “Bleeding Kansas” embody the slavery controversy?
Supporters and opponents of slavery were both determined to prevail. This led to violence in Kansas because each side had different visions for the territory.

Ch. 10 section 3
1. What was Lincoln’s position on slavery? Why did the Republican Party form?
Although he does not indicate that he would abolish slavery, Lincoln explains that the country cannot continue to be divided by this issue. All states must allow or outlaw slavery. The Republican Party formed out of its support of the antislavery movement.

2. What was the ruling in the Dred Scott decision? Why did the Supreme Court deny Scott his freedom? What were the reactions to the Dred Scott decision?
Dred Scott would still remain a slave. The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property; therefore, they did not have the same rights as citizens to sue in a court of law. Many Southerners celebrated the decision and felt slavery would continue forever. Many Northerners were outraged they felt slavery would not end because the Court failed to eliminate the expansion of slavery. Slaves were not considered individuals only property with no rights and could be taken anywhere (whether free or slave territory) and still be enslaved.

3. How did Lincoln and Douglas differ on the issue of slavery? Who won the Illinois Senate race in 1858? In what way was this victory for Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential campaign?
Lincoln wanted to end slavery. Douglas believed that each state should decide whether to be a free or slave state (popular sovereignty). Stephen Douglas. Lincoln gained a reputation (of wanting to end slavery) and a large number of (northern) supporters for his next campaign.

4. Why did John Brown attack an arsenal? How successful was John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry? How did Americans respond to John Brown’s raid and his execution?
John Brown wanted to take guns and other weapons and give them to enslaved people for his planned revolt. His raid did not prompt a slave rebellion, but it did increase tensions between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. Some people saw Brown as a martyr (giving up his life) for the abolitionist cause. Americans reacted with mixed emotions. Some northerners saw Brown as a martyr who died for a worthy cause, but others believed that he had gone too far and was wrong to use violence. Many southerners began to prepare for war.

5. What developments deepened the divisions between North and South?
Political parties disintegrated and formed around the issue of slavery, further dividing the North and South. The Dred Scott decision outraged northerners and made them more determined to abolish slavery. John Brown launched an unsuccessful attempt to capture the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry and stage a slave rebellion. Some northerners supported Brown’s raid, but many southerners prepared for war.

Ch. 10 section 4
1. How did the election of 1860 increase sectional tensions? What caused the Democratic Party to split? How did the division of the Democratic Party influence the outcome of the election of 1860?
The four candidates represented a divided population. The results offended southerners, many of whom believed that they had lost all power and influence in the federal government. Northern Democrats who supported popular sovereignty nominated Stephen Douglas as their candidate. Southern Democrats wanted to protect slavery and formed a separate party supporting John Breckinridge. With the Democratic vote split between Douglas and Breckinridge, Lincoln won the majority of popular and electoral votes.

2. What did Lincoln promise the South in his inaugural address? Why did the Southern states secede?
Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery where it was already established. He also promised that the Union would not attack the South unless the Union was provoked. After Lincoln was elected, the southern states feared that he would limit or even abolish slavery. They believed that Lincoln would violate their states’ rights.
3. How did the Union finally collapse into the Civil War?
Lincoln was elected President without receiving any southern electoral votes. Many southerners believed that they had lost any influence in the federal government. Seven southern states seceded from the Union and fought for control of federal forts in the South.

4. How did the southern states justify secession?
Because Lincoln was elected without a single vote in the South, southerners believed that the national government no longer represented them or their interests. They feared that Lincoln would end slavery.

5. What event led to the outbreak of war?
When President Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter, the Confederates attacked and took control of the fort. As a result, President Lincoln called for volunteers to fight the Confederacy.

UNITED STATES STUDY QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 3: The American Colonies Take Shape

Ch. 3 section 1
1. Define Indentured servant. What was life like for indentured servants?
Indentured servants: were mostly white men from England who traded a life of prison or poverty in Europe for limited servitude (max. of 4-7 years) in North America.
Daily life: worked all day in the fields; struggled to survive. This work was very difficult and many decided to stay in Europe instead of going to America.

2. Who were the largest non-English European groups?
The Germans and Scots-Irish were the largest non-English European groups; other immigrant groups and African slaves also came to the colonies. Religious groups: Anglicans, Roman Catholics, Quakers, Methodists, Jews, and other Protestant denominations.

3. Why did the Scots and Germans emigrate from their homeland?
Many Scottish immigrates were poor and came to the colonies to make a better living; many Scotch-Irish came in search of land. Germans came to America to escape wars, high taxes, and religious persecution.

4. What parts of the world were involved in the triangular trade?
Triangular trade connecting various nations and colonies located on the Atlantic Ocean. Three nations included: Africa, the North America, and Europe.

5. Explain the Middle Passage.
The “middle passage” the voyage refers to the part of the triangular trade system that carried slaves from the West Indies to North America. The shippers carried the enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the American colonies. After selling the slaves for colonial produce, the traders returned to the mother country.

6. What were the main reasons that English colonists turned to African slaves to fill
their depleted labor force?
The number of African slaves in the south during the late 1600s increased dramatically, in part because of…

Significant decline in the availability of indentured servants.
African slaves were thought to be economical in the long run.
African slaves were thought to be better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates.
African slaves were to work all day in their owners’ homes or fields; there was a struggle to survive.

7. Who was Olaudah Equiano?
A young African slave who survived the Transatlantic slave trade (middle passage) and recalled the inhumane conditions on his trip from West Africa to the West Indies in 1756 when he was 11 yrs. Old.
8. How did slavery differ in the North and the South?
In the North, there were fewer slaves and they tended to work at more skilled jobs, such as those of dockworkers, farmhands, sailors, or house servants. Many more enslaved people lived in the South, where they worked as laborers on huge plantations.

Ch. 3 section 2
1. How did the Glorious Revolution affect the colonies?

Reduced power of the king
The colonies restored original charters which required religious freedom in Massachusetts, and also disbanded the establishment of the Dominion of New England.
Returned the colonies to their previous status (day-to-day activities, smuggling, etc.).

2. What was salutary neglect?
In the years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England turned its attention away from the colonies, adopting an overall colonial policy that became known as salutary neglect which was defined by England not strictly enforcing laws in the colonies
A relaxing environment for the colonies while under English rule allowing for the development of the seed of self government.

3. How did salutary neglect help to promote self-government in the colonies?
The enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other English colonial laws were relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political breathing room, the seed of self-government was planted in the colonies.
The colonies increased their control of day-to-day activities and begin to elect their own government officials.
The colonies were also making money from other European nations off the sale of their raw materials.

4. How did both the colonies and England benefit from the policy of salutary neglect?
The colonies received more economic and political breathing room; enjoyed greater
freedoms; officials did not enforce restrictive trade measures; taxes decreased.
England relaxed ownership of the colony; decreased administrative costs, continued to
receive raw materials, and retained a market for manufactured goods.

5. How did mercantilism work?
According to the system of mercantilism, a “favorable balance of trade” exists for a country when the value of exports is greater than that of imports. Under mercantilism a country obtains as much gold and silver as possible. This will help to benefit the “mother country” (England). England traded with the colonies and had all the colonies needed, it was a “favorable balance of trade”. The colonies had religious and political freedoms as long as they provided raw materials to England. The colonies were an important aspect of mercantilism because they served as a source of providing raw materials (lumber, furs, grain, and tobacco) as well as a built-in market for purchasing goods from England.

6. What were the Navigation Acts? What effects did the Navigation Acts have on both
England and its colonies?
In 1651, the Parliament passed the Navigation Acts which were a series of laws restricting colonial trade in order to tighten England’s control over colonial trade, to protect the country from economic competition, and/or to increase England’s wealth and power. In other words, the acts increased English prosperity by encouraging the growth of English trade and shipping, by controlling the colonial trade, and by allowing the collection of certain import taxes.
Navigation acts:
1. No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were shipped in
either Colonial or English ships.
2. All vessels had to be operated by crews that were at least ¾ Colonial or
English.
3. The colonies could export certain products only to England.
4. Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass
through an English port before going anywhere else.

7. What were the characteristics of the Enlightenment? Identify key figure.
Enlightenment: A movement of intellectual growth to encourage the use of experimentations as tools to make discoveries about the natural world. Use the values in reason and science, rational explanation of the world, and the importance of the individual. Ex: Benjamin Franklin a colonial politician, embraces the notion of obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning—experiment on electricity.

8. Why was the Enlightenment such a revolutionary movement? How did the
Enlightenment influence politics?
Enlightenment principles led many colonists to question the authority of the British monarchy. It also allowed for a profound effect on political thought in the colonies.
The Enlightenment led people to conclude that individuals have natural rights and that government must respect those rights.

9. What were the characteristics of the Great Awakening? Identify key figures.
Great Awakening: revival—religious movement. Puritans lose influence in Massachusetts, lose dedication to religion; the great awakening restore puritan dedication and intensity; Relied on god to answer all questions; it led to new, often more tolerant, churches. It also inspired the belief that if people could chose their religion then they might be able to make decisions about their major institutions, such as their system of government. Ex: Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful; must seek god’s mercy; there was the need for salvation, return to puritan values, people joined churches—colleges formed to train ministers for reading the bible. George Whitefield—a celebrated preacher who moved audiences with his message—and his powerful voice—in both Great Britain and the American colonies.
Ch. 3 section 3
1. How did life differ in each of the three major regions of the British colonies?
New England region was a region of small farms and compact towns that had greater economic equality and the fewest slaves. The Middle colonies had the most ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity. Family farms dominated, but farmers also raised some crops for export. This region had the largest cities. The Southern colonies had the most dispersed settlement pattern, the lowest literacy rate, and the most slaves. The economy was based on plantation where cash crops were raised.

2. What was life like for women in the North?
Women had extensive work responsibilities but few legal rights. Most were legal dependents of men, and men held all the power in the colonial household. Northern women faced unceasing labor and had to submit to their husbands (had no colonial rights). Could not vote, could not enter into contracts, buy or sell property, or keep their own wages if they worked outside the home. Only single women or widows could run their own businesses. Weaving cloth, sewing clothes, tending to gardens, and watching children were their activities.

3. How did education differ from one region to the other?
Education was most common and accessible in the New England region. Many towns provided schools were child could learn to read and write, and some larges towns offered boys a more advanced grammar school education than smaller towns. The other regions schools for children were not as common. Some wealthy children had tutors, and higher education was largely the privilege of wealthy student who could attend the few private schools in the colonies or abroad. The majority of the children did not receive an education.

Ch. 3 section 4
1. Where were the French settlements in North America?
Quebec and the northern parts of North America near the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes (down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers).

2. How was New France different from the English colonies?
The French differed from the British in that they focused on fur trading rather than on settlement. The French colonists also developed friendlier relations with Native Americans than the British. The French Catholic priests did not wish to build towns or raise families in North America. They were only interested in converting the Native Americans to Catholism.

3. What prompted the start of the French and Indian War?
The British were especially angered when the French build Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley so then in May 1754—Washington’s militia attacked a small detachment of French soldiers and the French swiftly counter attacked. By July 1754—the French forced Washington to surrender which resulted in a defeat for the British. This began the 4th war between Great Britain and France for control North America.
4. What events led to Britain’s victory?
The British blocked French ships from reaching North American when the British troops capture Quebec in a surprise attack in 1759. With few goods or supplies, many of their Indian allies deserted the French, leaving French forts more open to British attack. This triumph at Quebec allowed for Great Britain to claim Canada (including Montreal and Quebec) and victory of all of North America east of the Mississippi. General James Wolfe caught the French and their commander Marquis de Montcalm by surprise.

5. How did the outcome of the French and Indian war affect the French?
The French were eliminated as a power in North America, with Canada and other French territories falling to the British.

6. How did Britain’s victory change the balance of power in North America?
British gained claimed land of Canada & everything East of the Mississippi River, including Florida.

7. How did victory in the French and Indian War have negative results for the relationship of the British and Native Americans?
The victorious British showed their anger toward the Native Americans halting delivery of goods to them and by allowing settlers to take even more of their land. In short, the Native Americans and colonists clashed over further settlement of the west.

8. Who is Pontiac? Explain Pontiac rebellion.
Pontiac was the Ottawa chief who lead a rebellion against the colonists in surprised attack and capture of most of the British forts in the Ohio River valley along the Great Lakes. The rebellion lasted through the summer and fall (1763) as the Native Americans raided settlements of western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. These incidents were labeled the Pontiac rebellion in the attack on Detroit.

9. What did the Native Americans involved with Pontiac’s rebellion hope to accomplish?
They hoped to weaken the British and lure the French back into North America.

10. What was the Proclamation of 1763?
Proclamation of 1763 which was a law limiting the area of colonial settlements establishing a line along the Appalachian mountainsàcolonists could not cross (westward). This angered the colonist! This was not effectively enforced and colonist continued to move westward.

11. Why was the Proclamation of 1763 doomed to fail?
Because keeping settlers east of the Appalachians was unpopular with people who wanted to move west, and there were too few British troops to enforce it.

12. Why were the colonists so afraid of the troops stationed in Britain’s new territories?
The colonists were afraid that the British troops might be used against them in the new territories because the stationing of troops in the newly conquered territories was interpreted by the colonists as a threat.

13. What was the effect of the French and Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion on the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain?
The British tried to exercise greater control over the colonies, impose new taxes and trade rules to help pay for the war, and protect Native American lands by holding back white settlement. Colonists and the British government disagreed over the stationing of British troops in North America. Colonists and the British government disagreed over taxes. These actions strained the relationship between the colonies and Britain.

14. Explain the Albany Plan of Union. Why did it fail?
The Albany Plan of Union was drafted by Benjamin Franklin, the plan called on the colonies to unite under British rule and to cooperate with one another in war. It created an American continental assembly that would include delegates from each colony. But, none of the colonies would accept the plan for fear of losing some of their own autonomy. The British also dropped the plan, fearing that 13 united colonies might be too difficult to manage.

15. Study the political cartoon, created by Benjamin Franklin on pg. 89. Give an explanation. How is the idea of unity expressed in the political cartoon?
The parts represent the 13 American colonies. The title means that the colonies must unite to survive. Franklin was probably reacting to infighting and disunity among the colonies over the Albany Plan of Union. The cartoon indicates that, like the snake, the colonies cannot survive as separate entities; they must unite.

CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY TERMS

1. Indentured Servant—poor immigrant who paid their way for passage to the colonies
by agreeing to work for 4-7 years on the land instead of receiving a wage in exchange
for landownership once time was up. Indentured servants received the basic food,
clothing, and shelter.

2. Triangular Trade—enslaved Africans came to the Americas as part of a three part
voyage. The New England traders would bring rum to West Africa, exchange it for
slaves, bring the slaves to the Caribbean, exchange them for molasses, and bring the
molasses back to New England to be made into rum.

3. Middle Passage—a part of the triangular trade system that was the sea journey of
African slaves from the West Indies to North America. The shippers carried the
enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the American colonies. After selling the
slaves for colonial produce, the traders returned to the mother country (England).

4. Phillis Wheatley—she was the first African American to publish a book of poems
(Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral) with the help of her plantation
owners.
5. Olaudah Equiano—born in West Africa, he was captured when he was 11 and forced
along the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade and the Middle Passage. He was able to describe
the inhumane treatment along this voyage.

6. Magna Carta—English document from 1215 that limited the power of the king and
provided basic rights for citizens. King John was forced (by the English nobles) to
adopt this document in order to protect the nobles. It limited the King’s ability to tax
them and guaranteed due process, or the right to a trial before levying (passing) a tax.

7. Parliament—a bicameral, or two-house, legislature. It was made up of members in
the House of Lords (nobles, those who inherited their positions, and church leaders)
and House of Common (elected commoners who owned property).

8. English Bill of Rights—a document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights of
English citizens. It was the result of the Glorious Revolution. It restated many of the
rights granted in the Magna Carta. One of which stated the Monarch could not keep a
standing army in times of peace without Parliament’s approval

9. habeas corpus—the idea (constitutional guarantee) that no one could be held in
prison without being charged with a specific crime or charges being filed.

10. Glorious Revolution—occurred in 1688, resulted in the change of the crown in
England. King James II was overthrown by his daughter (Queen Mary) and her
husband (King William), both were Protestant Monarchs who promised cooperation
with the English parliament to support the Anglican church.

11. Salutary Neglect—a British relaxation policy (in early 1700s, after the Glorious
Revolution) which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain was
gaining economically. The colonies began to plant the seeds of self-government.

12. Mercantilism—the policy that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power
by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold
and silver. A nation can accumulate wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.
By selling more that it purchased, the empire could build wealth in the form of
gold and silver.

13. Navigation Acts—British trade laws enacted by Parliament during the mid-1700s
that regulated colonial commerce. It allowed British control over all colonial
trade by collecting more custom duties (taxes on imported goods).   The acts were:
only English ships with English sailors could trade with English colonies;
      valuable resources such as tobacco and sugar must be shipped to
the mother country (England); the colonies had to import all their Europeans
      goods via and English port.

14. Enlightenment—eighteenth-century movement headed by thinkers who believed
that all problems could be solved using human reason. This movement allowed for
European philosophers believe that society’s problems could be solved by reason and
science (logic reasoning).

15. Benjamin Franklin—one of the most known Enlightenment thinkers; he was a
successful author, inventor, printer, and royal governor of Pennsylvania. Franklin
helped the colonists focus on individualism toward social mobility. He believed in
intellectual thinking relying on science, math, logic and reasoning.

16. Great Awakening—a religious revival; the religious movement in the English
colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, which was heavily inspired by evangelical
preachers.

17. Jonathan Edwards—a preacher during the Great Awakening period, known for his
fiery, emotional packed sermons that deeply touched listeners. Edward’s sermon
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” wanted readers to ask God’s forgiveness.

18. George Whitefield—a celebrated preacher (throughout Great Britain and the
American colonies) that moved audiences with his message and powerful voice. His
message of salvation help launch the Great Awakening period.

19. George Washington—a young (age 21) Virginian commander officer of the British
colonial troops against the French military in the French and Indian War.
Washington was defeated by the French which later started the Seven Years’ War
between French and British. Washington is best known as a first American
president.

20. French and Indian War—The war fought from 1754-1763 in which Britain and its
colonies defeated France and its Indian allies, gaining control of the eastern North
America (lands in the Ohio River Valley). The war was named after the lands once
owned by the French and Indians. Also called the Seven Years’ War due to the last
seven years, England came to help the colonists win against the French.

21. Pontiac’s Rebellion—an uprising of Native Americans against the British, it was led
by the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 in the Great Lakes region; they attacked in
Detroit. Their goal was to weaken the British and lure the French back into North
America.

22. Proclamation of 1763—a declaration by the British king ordering all colonists to
remain east of the Appalachian Mountains. This was due to making peace with the
Native Americans. It prevented the colonists from traveling west to gain lands in
Native American territory.

23. Albany Plan of Union—drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, he proposed to
create one government for the 13 colonies. It called for the colonies to unite under
British rule and cooperate with one another in war. It created an American
continental assembly that would include delegates from each colony but none of
the colonies would accept the plan for fear of losing some of their own autonomy.
The British also dropped the plan, fearing that 13 united colonies might be too
difficult to manage.

Ch. 3 section 1
1. Define Indentured servant. Why did the demand for African slaves come about?
Indentured servants: were mostly white men from England who traded a life of prison or poverty in Europe for limited servitude (max. of 4-7 years) in North America. Daily life: worked all day in the fields; struggled to survive. This work was very difficult and many decided to stay in Europe instead of going to America. The demand for labor was not met by indentured servants, so the colonists found a way to justify the enslavement of Africans.

2. What were the main reasons that English colonists turned to African slaves to fill
their depleted labor force?
The number of African slaves in the south during the late 1600s increased dramatically, in part because of…

Significant decline in the availability of indentured servants.
African slaves were thought to be economical in the long run.
African slaves were thought to be better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates.
African slaves were to work all day in their owners’ homes or fields; there was a struggle to survive.

3. What part did the transportation of enslaved Africans play in the triangular trade (Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade) and Middle Passage?
Triangular trade connecting various nations and colonies located on the Atlantic Ocean. Three nations included: Africa, the North America, and Europe. On the first leg of the triangular trade, manufactured goods (such as rum) were brought to Africa from Europe to exchange for African captives. On the middle leg, or “middle passage”, enslaved Africans were brought from Africa to the Americas, and on the last leg, colonial goods, such as tobacco and sugar, were brought to Europe.

4. How did slavery differ in the North and the South?
In the North, there were fewer slaves and they tended to work at more skilled jobs, such as those of dockworkers, farmhands, sailors, or house servants. Many more enslaved people lived in the South, where they worked as laborers on huge plantations where their labor was needed for the region’s cash crops of tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo.

Ch. 3 section 2
1. What was the importance of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights to American colonists?
The Magna Carta protected English nobles by limiting the power of the king’s ability to tax and guaranteeing due process. It also helped with the development of a Parliament (lawmaking body in England). The English Bill of Rights gave right to habeas corpus (due process) and bars cruel or unusual punishment. Both protected the English people against unlimited government power. As English citizens, American colonists enjoyed the same rights granted to English people who lived in England.

2. What was the Glorious Revolution? How did the Glorious Revolution affect the colonies?
The Glorious Revolution was the removal of English King James II, replacing him with two Protestant monarchs his daughter and son-in-law (William and Mary of Orange) both who promised to cooperate with Parliament and support the Anglican Church.

Reduced power of the king
The colonies restored original charters which required religious freedom in Massachusetts, and also disbanded the establishment of the Dominion of New England (combined area of the New England colonies with New York and New Jersey) with a crowned-appointed governor (Sir Edmond Andros).
Returned the colonies to their previous status (day-to-day activities, smuggling, etc.).

3. What was salutary neglect?
In the years after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England turned its attention away from the colonies, adopting an overall colonial policy that became known as salutary neglect which was defined by England not strictly enforcing laws in the colonies
A relaxing environment for the colonies while under English rule allowing for the development of the seed of self government.

4. How did salutary neglect help to promote self-government in the colonies? England?
The enforcement of the Navigation Acts and other English colonial laws were relaxed, giving the colonists more economic and political breathing room, the seed of self-government was planted in the colonies.
The colonies increased their control of day-to-day activities and begin to elect their own government officials. The received more economic and political breathing room; enjoyed greater freedoms; officials did not enforce restrictive trade measures; and taxes decreased. The colonies were also making money from other European nations off the sale of their raw materials. England relaxed ownership of the colony; decreased administrative costs, continued to receive raw materials, and retained a market for manufactured goods.

Ch. 3 section 3
1. How did life differ in each of the three major regions of the British colonies?
New England region was a region of small subsistence farms with compact towns and fast growing population that had greater economic equality; the fewest number of slaves or immigrants with more families. The climate was cold winters and a short growing season. The economy was based on fishing, shipbuilding, trade, and lumber. The Middle colonies had the most ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity attractive to immigrants because of tolerant of religious and ethnic differences. Family farms dominated due to temperature and a moderate growing season, so farmers raised some crops grown on moderate-sized farms for export. The economy was based on wheat, barley, rye, little ranching and trade. This region had the largest cities. The Southern colonies had the most dispersed settlement pattern, more men than women, indentured servants, the lowest literacy rate, and the most slaves. The economy was based on plantations where cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo were raised because of the warm climate and long growing season.

2. How did education differ from one region to the other?
Education was most common and accessible in the New England region. Many towns provided schools were child could learn to read and write, and some larges towns offered boys a more advanced grammar school education than smaller towns. The other regions schools for children were not as common. Some wealthy children had tutors, and higher education was largely the privilege of wealthy student who could attend the few private schools in the colonies or abroad. The majority of the children did not receive an education.

Ch. 3 section 4
1. Where were the French settlements in North America?
Quebec and the northern parts of North America near the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes (down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers).

3. What prompted the start of the French and Indian War?
The British were especially angered when the French build Fort Duquesne in the Ohio Valley, so in May 1754—Washington’s militia attacked a small detachment of French soldiers and the French swiftly counter attacked. By July 1754—the French forced Washington to surrender which resulted in a defeat for the British. This began the 4th war between Great Britain and France for control North America.

4. What events led to Britain’s victory?
The British blocked French ships from reaching North American when the British troops capture Quebec in a surprise attack in 1759. With few goods or supplies, many of their Indian allies deserted the French, leaving French forts more open to British attack. This triumph at Quebec allowed for Great Britain to claim Canada (including Montreal and Quebec) and victory of all of North America east of the Mississippi. General James Wolfe caught the French and their commander Marquis de Montcalm by surprise.

5. How did the outcome of the French and Indian war affect the French?
The French were eliminated as a power in North America, with Canada and other French territories falling to the British.

6. How did Britain’s victory change the balance of power in North America?
British gained claimed land of Canada & everything East of the Mississippi River, including Florida.

9. What did the Native Americans involved with Pontiac’s rebellion hope to accomplish?
They hoped to weaken the British and lure the French back into North America.

CHAPTER 3 VOCABULARY TERMS
1. Thirteen Colonies—New England (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, &
Connecticut); Middle (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, & Delaware); Southern
(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Georgia)

2. Indentured Servant—poor immigrant who paid their way for passage to the colonies
by agreeing to work for 4-7 years on the land instead of receiving a wage in exchange
for landownership once time was up. Indentured servants received the basic food,
clothing, and shelter.

3. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade or 4. Triangular Trade—enslaved Africans came to
the Americas as part of a three part voyage. The New England traders would bring
rum to West Africa, exchange it for slaves, bring the slaves to the Caribbean,
exchange them for molasses, and bring the molasses back to New England to be made
into rum.

5. Middle Passage—a part of the triangular trade system that was the sea journey of
African slaves from the West Indies to North America. The shippers carried the
enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the American colonies. After selling the
slaves for colonial produce, the traders returned to the mother country (England).

6. Olaudah Equiano—born in West Africa, he was captured when he was 11 and forced
along the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade and the Middle Passage. He was able to describe
the inhumane treatment along this voyage.

7. Slavery—involuntary servitude, mainly of Africans in America for plantation
farming.

8. Stono Rebellion—an uprising in South Carolina in which many African Americans
rebelled killing several of their slave masters (approximately 20 whites). The slaves
were later executed.

9. Phillis Wheatley—she was the first African American to publish a book of poems
(Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral) with the help of her plantation
owners.

10. Magna Carta—English document from 1215 that limited the power of the king and
provided basic rights for citizens. King John was forced (by the English nobles) to
adopt this document in order to protect the nobles. It limited the King’s ability to tax
them and guaranteed due process, or the right to a trial before levying (passing) a tax.

11. Parliament—a bicameral, or two-house, legislature. It was made up of members in
the House of Lords (nobles, those who inherited their positions, and church leaders)
and House of Common (elected commoners who owned property).

12. King James II—He became ruler of England and tried to rule without Parliament.
He also wanted to return to the Catholic church which alarmed the Protestant
majority of England. He was later removed under the Glorious Revolution of 1688,
by his daughter (Mary and her husband, William of Orange).

13. Dominion of New England—land in which King James II combined the territory
from Massachusetts to New Jersey. King James II wanted to tighten control of the
New England colonies by revoking their government charters.

14. Glorious Revolution—occurred in 1688, resulted in the change of the crown in
England. King James II was overthrown by his daughter (Queen Mary) and her
husband (King William), both were Protestant Monarchs who promised cooperation
with the English parliament to support the Anglican church.

15. English Bill of Rights—a document signed in 1689 that guaranteed the rights of
English citizens. It was the result of the Glorious Revolution. It restated many of the
rights granted in the Magna Carta. One of which stated the Monarch could not keep
a standing army in times of peace without Parliament’s approval

16. William & Mary of Orange—The ousted King James II during the Glorious
revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights.

17. habeas corpus—the idea (constitutional guarantee) that no one could be held in
prison without being charged with a specific crime or charges being filed.

18. Salutary Neglect—a British relaxation policy (in early 1700s, after the Glorious
Revolution) which allowed the colonies virtual self-rule as long as Great Britain was
gaining economically. The colonies began to plant the seeds of self-government.

19. Sir Edmond Andros—appointed governor-general of the Dominion of New
England by King James II; he was arrested and jailed after the Glorious Revolution.

20. Mercantilism—the policy that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power
by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold
and silver. A nation can accumulate wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.
By selling more that it purchased, the empire could build wealth in the form of
gold and silver.

21. Navigation Acts—British trade laws enacted by Parliament during the mid-1700s
that regulated colonial commerce. It allowed British control over all colonial
trade by collecting more custom duties (taxes on imported goods).   The acts were:
only English ships with English sailors could trade with English colonies;
      valuable resources such as tobacco and sugar must be shipped to
the mother country (England); the colonies had to import all their Europeans
      goods via and English port.

22. Enlightenment—eighteenth-century movement headed by thinkers who believed
that all problems could be solved using human reason. This movement allowed for
European philosophers believe that society’s problems could be solved by reason and
science (logic reasoning).

23. Benjamin Franklin—one of the most known Enlightenment thinkers; he was a
successful author, inventor, printer, and royal governor of Pennsylvania. Franklin
helped the colonists focus on individualism toward social mobility. He believed in
intellectual thinking relying on science, math, logic and reasoning.

24. Great Awakening—a religious revival; the religious movement in the English
colonies during the 1730s and 1740s, which was heavily inspired by evangelical
preachers.

25. Jonathan Edwards—a preacher during the Great Awakening period, known for his
fiery, emotional packed sermons that deeply touched listeners. Edward’s sermon
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” wanted readers to ask God’s forgiveness.

26. George Whitefield—a celebrated preacher (throughout Great Britain and the
American colonies) that moved audiences with his message and powerful voice. His
message of salvation help launch the Great Awakening period.

27. Staple crop—crops that are in steady demand (main crop such as wheat)

28. Cash crop—crops grown for sale.

29. George Washington—a young (age 21) Virginian commander officer of the British
colonial troops against the French military in the French and Indian War.
Washington was defeated by the French which later started the Seven Years’ War
between French and British. Washington is best known as a first American
president.

30. French and Indian War, or 31. Seven Years’ War—The war fought from 1754-
1763 in which Britain and its colonies defeated France and its Indian allies, gaining
control of the eastern North America (lands in the Ohio River Valley). The war was
named after the lands once owned by the French and Indians. Also called the Seven
Years’ War due to the last seven years, England came to help the colonists win
against the French.

32. Pontiac’s Rebellion—an uprising of Native Americans against the British, it was led
by the Ottawa chief Pontiac in 1763 in the Great Lakes region; they attacked in
Detroit. Their goal was to weaken the British and lure the French back into North
America.

33. Treaty of Paris, 1763—ended the French and Indian War for the British. The
British kept Canada, the Great Lakes country, the Ohio River valley, and Florida.
The French were driven out of North America; the Mississippi River became the
boundary between the British and the Spanish claims to North America.

34. Proclamation of 1763—a declaration by the British king ordering all colonists to
remain east of the Appalachian Mountains. This was due to making peace with the
Native Americans. It prevented the colonists from traveling west to gain lands in
Native American territory.

35. Albany Plan of Union—drafted by Benjamin Franklin in 1754, he proposed to
create one government for the 13 colonies. It called for the colonies to unite under
      British rule and cooperate with one another in war. It created an American
      continental assembly that would include delegates from each colony but none of
the colonies would accept the plan for fear of losing some of their own autonomy.
The British also dropped the plan, fearing that 13 united colonies might be too
difficult to manage.

Significant decline in the availability of indentured servants.
African slaves were thought to be economical in the long run.
African slaves were thought to be better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates.
African slaves were to work all day in their owners’ homes or fields; there was a struggle to survive.

Reduced power of the king
The colonies restored original charters which required religious freedom in Massachusetts, and also disbanded the establishment of the Dominion of New England (combined area of the New England colonies with New York and New Jersey) with a crowned-appointed governor (Sir Edmond Andros).
Returned the colonies to their previous status (day-to-day activities, smuggling, etc.).

5. How did the outcome of the French and Indian war affect the French?
The French were eliminated as a power in North America, with Canada and other French territories falling to the British.

6. How did Britain’s victory change the balance of power in North America?
British gained claimed land of Canada & everything East of the Mississippi River, including Florida.

9. What did the Native Americans involved with Pontiac’s rebellion hope to accomplish?
They hoped to weaken the British and lure the French back into North America.

8. Stono Rebellion—an uprising in South Carolina in which many African Americans
rebelled killing several of their slave masters (approximately 20 whites). The slaves
were later executed.

9. Phillis Wheatley—she was the first African American to publish a book of poems
(Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral) with the help of her plantation
owners.

27. Staple crop—crops that are in steady demand (main crop such as wheat)

28. Cash crop—crops grown for sale.

Ch. 5, section 1

What is republicanism?

Republicanism, the idea that governments should be based on the consent of the
people, which meant different things to different Americans.

What did the various state constitutions have in common? How were they different?

      Similarities: They limited the powers of government leaders. They guaranteed
                           specific rights for citizens, including freedom of speech, religion, and
                         the press. State constitutions emphasized liberty rather than                                                    equality and reflected a fear of centralized authority.
      Differences: Only had a very limited democracy by modern standards.
                           Granting voting rights to only white males. Property ownership was                      a requirement for voting. Women were still denied to vote in certain                                   states except New Jersey (allowed for a short period of time).

Why did most states choose a bicameral legislature?

To balance the power of the common people with that of the wealthy and well-educated class.

What is a confederation? What was the purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

Alliance of states permitting these states or nations to act together on matters of mutual concerns in which two levels of government share fundamental powers. To create a limited national government, to create a set of laws to govern the United States, and to leave most of the political power with the states.

What was the structure of the new government under the Article of Confederation?

A Congress who delegates were chosen by state legislatures, with no Presidents
(executive branch) or national court system (judicial branch).

Who made up the Congress? Why were executive powers assigned to committees made up of members of Congress?

The delegates from the states, chosen by the state legislatures. So that no one
person, such as a President, could have too much power.

Why did differences between the states cause problems of representation in the new government?

Problems of representation in the new government was people could not decide whether delegates to a new government should represent a state’s population or each state should send the same number of representatives.

How did the nation’s leaders settle the disagreement over the issue of representation?

To keep fairness among the states, the size of the small states (population had fewer citizens) would have equal representation to a large states (which had high numbers of citizens). Political power was equal regardless of size and a single state could stall the amendment process.

What powers did the government hold (strengths) and lack (weaknesses) under the articles of confederation?

National government had the power to declare war, make peace, and sign treaties (with at least two-thirds (9 of 13 states) of the states approval). It could borrow money, set standards for coins and for weights and measures, establish a postal service, and deal with Native American peoples.
It lacked the power to tax and each state had only one vote (regardless of population) which could result in laws being vetoed by a single state. Articles could be amended only if all states approved. Congress could not regulate interstate or foreign trade. The articles did not create an executive branch to enforce laws and had no national court system to interpret the meaning of laws or settle legal disputes. There was no national unity. There were 13 separate states that lacked national unity.

Explain the Land Ordinance of 1785. How did the Land Ordinance of 1785 provide for the orderly development of the Northwest Territory? How did it make land affordable?

Land Ordinance of 1785 established a plan for dispensing, or distributing, the public lands. By running a grid of lines north to south and east to west, federal surveyors divided the land into hundreds of townships, each six square miles. Once the land was surveyed it would be divided among families in small parcels. Each township was then subdivided in 36 “sections” of one square mile (640 acres) to be sold for at least one dollar per acre. This would allow for not only the rich to purchase land but poor families.

11. Explain the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. List the provisions for statehood.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided for dividing the land into three to five territories and established the requirements for the admission of new states. 1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor, secretary, and three judges. 2. When a territory had 5,000 voting residents, they could establish an elective assembly, it could write a constitution and elect their own government. 3. When the population reached 60,000, it could apply to be a state, provided the new state adopted a republican constitution.

What were plans for settling and governing the Northwest Territory under the Articles of Confederation?

The Land Ordinance of 1785 outline a system for distributing public lands, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided a government for the lands.

What were some of the political and economic problems the country encountered under the Articles of Confederation?

Political issues: National unity—each state functioned independently by pursuing its own interests rather than those of the nation as a whole. The population of states was not properly represented. Amending the articles—each state must agree to change the articles, one single state could stall the amending process, which resulted in changes in government being difficult to achieve. Economic problem: Huge debt— that congress has amassed during the revolutionary war ($190 million) in which the continental congress had to borrow from foreign countries. After the war, the continental money was worthless. Secondly, the country was not able to impose tax and regulate interstate or foreign trade.

What foreign-relation problems did the new country encounter?

The United States could not pay its debts to the British (war debt). The United States not able to compensate loyalists for property loss suffered during the American Revolution. As a result, Great Britain refused to evacuate their military forts on the Great Lakes. Spain presence on the borders of the United States posed another threat to westward expansion. Spain also closed its waters on the Mississippi.

Why were some states afraid of centralized authority and a strong national government?

      The states felt that a centralized authority would diminish their own
      independence. They may have remembered the failure to the English
      Commonwealth under Cromwell. They also feared the kingly power if they
      decided on a strong central government.

16. What were the causes and consequences of Shay’s Rebellion?
Shay’s Rebellion was a protest by farmers who faced problems from debts they owed to creditors. Daniel Shay’s protest of the Massachusetts taxes included 1,200 farmers attempting to raid arsenal resulted in 4 deaths by the state militia.
This rebellion made people talk about the need for a stronger national government.

17. Why do you think news of Shays’ rebellion made states decide to participate in the Philadelphia convention?
Shay’s rebellion made states decide to participate in the Philadelphia convention
because some states had already feared uprising in their state. Shay’s rebellion
showed the weaknesses of the national government in dealing with economic
problems.

Chapter 5: Creating the Constitution (1787-1789)
Ch. 5, section 2

Why did the leaders call for the Constitutional Convention and what was their purpose?

Shays’ Rebellion revealed the weakness of the national government under the Articles of Confederation in its lack to stop states from rebelling. The Articles of Confederation were flawed and needed major changes. The delegates’ purpose was to make changes to the Articles of Confederation.

What was the role of George Washington in calling the constitutional convention?

     George Washington’s role in calling the convention was to speak out against the
     rebellion and call for a change of government. His leadership in the American
     Revolution was very convincing to others in need of a strong support for a strong
     central government.

Why was George Washington selected to be president of the convention?

George Washington was selected president of the convention because he became a great leader during the time of turmoil when the country had no official leader. His courage, dedication, bravery, and intelligence of the victory in the American Revolution.

Characterize the conflict between big states and small states.

Big states: wanted congress to be composed of two houses and delegates should be assigned according to population (favored representation of each state based on population). Small states: wanted a congress of one house because each state should be preserved and each state should have one vote (favored equal representation of each state).

Who was James Madison?

James Madison—the Father of our Constitution, Madison dedicated himself to
recording notes and speeches in the Philadelphia conventions. His political
leadership during the time of need allowed him to obtain the title. Madison also proposed the Virginia plan.

What plan for government was in the Virginia plan?

Madison’s Virginia plan—It divided power among the three branches
(Legislative, Executive, and Judicial) and proposed a bicameral, or two-house,
legislature, with membership based on each state’s population (meaning states
with larger population would have more seats than states with fewer residents.
Voters would elect members of the lower house, who would then elect members
of the upper house. This gave more power to states with large populations. The
legislature would have the power to veto state laws. A strong President would
head the Executive branch.

Who was William Patterson? What counterproposal measures were included in the New Jersey plan?

William Patterson’s New Jersey plan—proposed a unicameral or single-house legislature, in which each state had an equal representation (voice). This gained support of the small states and recognized states’ sovereignty. An executive committee would head the government, not a President.

Who was Roger Sherman?

Roger Sherman of Connecticut (a political leader, successful merchant who studied law and became politically involved in the convention; he also helped draft the Declaration of Independence) introduced the Great Compromise—which resolved the issue of state representation in the national legislature. It offered a two-house Congress to satisfy both small and big states.

What is another name for the Great Compromise? What parts of the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan did the Great Compromise bring together?

Most state plans were named after the state the delegate represented so the Great Compromise was also called the “Connecticut Compromise”. It combined the New Jersey’s Plan’s proposal of equal representation for all states with the Virginia Plan’s proposal of a bicameral legislature by making the members of the Senate equal in number for each state and the members of the House of Representative dependent on population.

How did the Great Compromise settle the issue of political representation?

Great Compromise each state would have equal representation in the Senate,
or upper house. The size of the population of each state would determine its representation in the House of Representatives, or lower house. Voters of each state would chose members of the House. State legislatures (House Representatives) would choose members in the Senate.

Why was Sherman’s compromise a success?

Sherman’s plan pleased both those who favored government by the people and those who defended states rights insofar as it preserved the power of state legislatures (resolved issues with large and small states).

Why did Sherman’s Great Compromise fail to resolve conflict?

Sherman’s plan failed to resolve conflict because the population based on representation raised the question of whether slaves should be counted as people.

Explain the debate regarding the representation in Congress.

There was still the issue of slaves when it came to population. Most southern states raised the question on whether slaves should be counted as people toward population, in order to get more representatives from their state.

What was the three-fifths compromise?

Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise—called for 3/5 of a state's slaves could be counted as population within that state’s representing body. The increase in population resulted in additional seats in Congress and additional electoral votes. Northerners disagreed due to having less slaves resulting in less representation in the house. Southerners agreed due to having more slaves resulting in more representation in the house and more power in presidential elections.

In what two ways does the constitution divide power?

Federalism—Power should be divided between the state and national government. The national government is separated by the three branches of government. The Constitution divided the national government into these three branches called the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.

Which powers were granted to the national government and to the state governments?

The national government has the power to control foreign affairs, provide national defense, regulate trade between states, and coin money. The state governments have the power to provide and supervise education, establish marriage laws, and regulate trade within the state.

In what ways did the delegates limit the authority of the federal government?

The new system of government was a form of federalism which divides the powers of government between the national government and state government. Powers granted to the national government by the constitution are known as delegated powers or enumerated powers. Powers kept by the states are called reserved powers. Both levels of government share such powers called concurrent powers such as the right to tax, to borrow money, to pay debt, and establish courts.

What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

The delegates agreed to adopt a system that divided power between the federal government and sate governments; the federal government would have three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The Legislative branch would be bicameral, with one house’s representation based on a state’s population and the other house’s representation equal for all states. A strong President would head the Executive branch and federal courts would make up the Judicial branch.

Explain the three branches of government.

Legislative branch makes laws and changes to existing laws based
on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights (House of Representatives & Senate); Executive branch carry out/enforce laws (President, Vice President, and Cabinet); and Judicial branch studies--interpret/reviews laws (U.S. Supreme Court).

How does the system of checks and balances strengthen rather than weaken the government’s power?

The system preserves the power of government by ensuring that no branch becomes powerful enough to diminish the power of another branch. This maintained separation of power among the branches of the federal government is called checks and balances—provided to prevent one branch from dominating the others.

Why do you think the framers of the constitution distrusted the popular will of the people to elect the President?

The framers did not trust the uneducated masses to elect a President because many educated leaders felt the masses would not be informed of presidential duties to help benefit them in the long run.

What is the Electoral College? Who represents the Electoral College?

The leaders of the constitutional convention feared placing to much power in the hands of the people. The delegates came up with the Electoral College. This would be a group of delegates chosen by a state to vote for the president and vice president (would cast ballots for the candidates) at this time the Electoral College would at the Constitutional convention would select Senators and House of Representatives.

What difficulties might presidents encounter by winning the electoral vote but losing the popular vote?

The president would not have the support of the people behind him. He would not become a popular president; every move the president makes would be criticized. His legacy might be viewed by some as illegitimate. They may have a harder time finding support for their programs. The country would be divided on issues affecting the nation.

In what election year did this occur recently? Who were the candidates involved?

The 2000 Presidential election: George Bush and Al Gore. Al Gore won the popular vote by a margin of almost 540,000 votes. The Electoral College gave George Bush 271 electoral votes (one more than the needed 270 to win the presidency).

Chapter 5: Creating the Constitution (1781-1789)
Ch. 5, section 3

Who were the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists?

Federalists—supports of the Constitution because they favored a balance of power between the states and the national government. Anti-federalists—opposed having such a strong central government, thus against the Constitution.

What were the Anti-Federalists’ major arguments against the Constitution?

The Anti-Federalists feared that government would serve the interests of the privileged minority and ignore the rights of the majority. They also stated the Constitution did not protect the individual rights, would threaten people’s liberties, that a single government could not govern such a large country, and that there would be abuse of power by such a strong central government. Finally, they wanted the Bill of Rights to protect personal liberties of individual citizens.

What views did the Federalists hold toward the argument for the Constitution?

The Federalists stated a strong central government was needed to tackle the new
nation’s problems and insisted that the division of powers and the system of
checks and balances would protect Americans from the tyranny of
centralized authority.

What did The Federalist argue?

It was a series of 85 essays that analyzed the Constitution and explained why ratification of the Constitution would be beneficial. It also argued that the division of powers and the system of checks and balances would protect Americans from tyrannical authority or a centralized authority.

What were the arguments made by the Anti-Federalists and Federalists over adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution?

Anti-Federalists stated the Constitution created a powerful national government,
making the Bill of Rights necessary to protect the people. Federalists stated the Constitution gave only limited powers to the national government and so it could not violate the rights of the states or people.

What role did James Madison play in the creation of the Bill of Rights?

James Madison, being a leading Federalist and framer of the constitution, used his experience and powers of persuasion to win support for the United States Constitution. He promised to ratify the Bill of Rights, if the states ratified the Constitution.

What role did the Bill of Rights play in ratification of the Constitution? In what year was the constitution ratified?

The Federalists pledged to add the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution. This pledge would help them win the support of additional states they needed to ensure ratification. Before the Constitution could go into effect it had to be ratified by 2/3 of the states. Ratification—official approval—required the agreement of at least nine states of the thirteen states. The Constitution was ratified on September 17, 1789—the Bill of Rights added December 1791. Delaware was the first and New Hampshire was the ninth.

List the first ten amendments to the US Constitution.

The first 10 amendments: the Bill of Rights
   I - Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.
II - Right to keep and bear arms.
III -Conditions for quarters of soldiers (protection from having to house
         soldiers).
IV- Right of search and seizure regulated (protection from having home being
         searched).
   V - Provisions concerning prosecution (provides that certain steps be taken if
          someone is charged with a crime).
VI - Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc.
VII - Right to a trial by jury (civil lawsuits, court cases involving private rights).
VIII - Excessive bail/cruel punishment (right to fair punishment).
   IX – Rights maintained by the people (to make sure rights not mentioned in
           the Bill of Rights would also be protected).
     X - Rights of the states under Constitution.

How did the Bill of Rights protect personal liberties?

The first eight amendments spell out the personal liberties the states had requested. (1st) Religious and Political freedoms, (2nd) Right to Bear Arms, (3rd) Freed from quartering soldiers, (4th) Freed against unreasonable searches and seizures, (5th) Rights of accused persons, (6th) Right to a speedy public trial, (7th) right to trial by jury, and (8th) limits on fines and punishments. The ninth and tenth amendments impose general limits on the powers of the federal government.

Why do you think the third amendment was added in the Bill of Rights?

The third amendment (freedom from quartering soldiers/troops) which prevented the government from housing troops in private homes during peacetime because this violated privacy of others also everyone was familiar with amendment #2 (right to bear arms).

How did Americans ratify the US Constitution, and what are its basic principles?

In each state, a specially elected convention debated ratification and determined whether to approve the Constitution. The approval of nine of the thirteen states was needed and obtained. The key principles of the Constitution are popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, federalism, checks and balances, and representative government. These principles and because the Constitution provides a process has enabled it to endure for more than 200 years.

Why do you think the delegates made amending the Constitution difficult?

So that amending the Constitution would be taken seriously and changescould not be made only to suit or favor a specific individual, group, or cause.

How many times has the U.S. Constitution been changed? What are these changes called?

The Constitution has been changed 27 times=27 amendments added.

Chapter 5 Vocabulary
Creating the Constitution and United States Constitution

1. Republic—governments in which people elect their representatives.

2. Republicanism—a form of government in which leaders are elected by their citizens,
     and pass laws for the benefit of the entire republic; idea that government should be
     based on the consent of the people.

3. Unicameral Legislature—one with a single house, whose members were elected by
     the people.

4. Bicameral Legislature—a lawmaking body with two houses—a Senate and a House
     of Representatives.

5. Articles of Confederation—the first form of government within the United States
(drafted in the Continental Congress in 1777) set up as a league or alliance of states
that agree to work together. The Articles was a loose confederation of the 13 states
(weak form of government), rather than a strong and centralized nation.

6. Federal—national government that consisted of a Congress of delegates, chosen by
state legislatures rather than by voters.

7. Land Ordinance of 1785—a system devised by Congress and designed for
dispensing, distributing, or managing (surveying the land) the public lands in the
Northwest Territory.

8. Northwest Ordinance of 1787—(government for the western territory) law which
provided a basis for governing the Northwest Territory. First, the Congress
would appoint a territorial government led by a governor, secretary, and three judges.
Second, once the territory had 5,000, they could establish an elected assembly. Third,
when the population reaches 60,000 the people could request admission to the Union
as a state on equal terms with the original 13 states.

9. Shay’s Rebellion— (Daniel Shay) an attempt by a group of indebted farmers to
secure weapons from a Federal Armory, became the catalyst (primary reason) for the
United States to recognize the need for a new constitution. After Shay’s rebellion, the
leaders realized that without the ability to tax the central government could not repair
the national economy.

10. James Madison—delegate from Virginia who took the best notes at the
Constitutional Convention later he was called the “Father of the Constitution” for his
leadership at the Constitutional Convention. He also devised the Virginia plan that
proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based upon population.

11. William Patterson—delegate from New Jersey who developed the New Jersey
Plan which favored the small states in representation. The New Jersey plan gave
Congress equal representation for all states regardless of a state’s population. Also,
states had no power to veto laws.

12. Roger Sherman—delegate from Connecticut who reached a compromise between
the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan known as the Connecticut Compromise
or Great Compromise. It called for a two house legislature which benefits the
small and large states. The Senate would equally represent every state, regardless of
size, allowing 2 per state. The House of Representatives would represent population
granting more power to the larger states.

13. Great Compromise—it helped to “save” the United States Constitution by settling
the dispute between the Virginia Plan (large states) and the New Jersey plan (small
states); a compromise at the Constitutional Convention calling for a two-house
legislature, with one house elected on the basis of population and the other
representing each state equally.

14. Federalism—political system in which power is shared between the national and
state governments. Federalism usually separates/divides power between the national
and state governments.

15. Three-Fifths Compromise—a compromise in which each enslaved person would be
counted as three-fifths a person for the purpose of legislative representation. This
meant for every five slaves only three would count the same for a white person in
representation. The Southern states favored this compromise because they had more
slaves and wanted more representation in government.

16. Ratification—official approval

17. Federalists—one who favored ratification of the Constitution. The group included
members such as George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
They stressed the weakness of the Articles and felt the Constitution would provide a
balance of a strong national government with controlled power.

18. Anti-federalists—one who favored a strong state government and opposed a strong
national government due to fear of a return to kingly power. The group consisted of
Samuel Adams, John Hancock, George Clinton, Richard Henry Lee, and Patrick
Henry. They required the protection of personal liberties (the Bill of Rights) in
order to balance the US Constitution.

19. Federalists papers—The Federalists, a series of 85 essays written by Madison,
Hamilton, and Jay that explained and defended the US Constitution; it was used to
sway the anti-federalists approval of the US Constitution. The documents explain the
benefits of a union between states.

20. Bill of Rights—The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution; written
as a list of freedoms guaranteed to citizens by the government, a protection of
citizens personal liberties. They were ratified in 1789 as promised by the Federalists
to encourage Anti-Federalists support of the US Constitution.

21. United States Constitution—a plan of government that describes the different parts
of the government and their duties and powers, established in 1787; it is the living
document that governs our country today.

22. Popular Sovereignty—the principle in which the people are the only source of
government power (people’s vote).

23. Limited Government—the principle stating that the government has only as much
authority as the people give it and therefore, its power is limited (consent of the
govern).

24. Separation of Powers—a key principle for the government that divides power
among the three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each
branch has their own specific power/job.

25. Legislative Branch—Article One of the US Constitution, this branch is responsible
for making the laws; it consists of the bi-cameral congress: Senate (upper house) and
House of Representative (lower house).

26. Executive Branch—Article Two of the US Constitution, this branch is responsible
for executing/enforcing the laws; it consists of the President, Vice President, and
Cabinet.

27. Judicial Branch—Article Three of the US Constitution, this branch is responsible
for interpreting the laws; it consists of the US Supreme Court (9 Justices—1 Chief
Justice and 8 Associate Justices).

28. Checks and Balances—a guiding principle in the US Constitution that are to ensure
no one branch can become too powerful; it is to monitor the actions and limit the
powers of the branches—two of the three branches have to agree.

29. Electoral College—a group of persons chosen from each state to indirectly elect the
President and Vice President of the United States; usually made up of members in
the House of Representatives and Senate.

30. House of Representatives—members of the Congress considered the lower house
elected by people of their state; based on population—number equals 435; must be
at least 25 yrs. old, serve 2 yr. terms; terms unlimited; also known as the “people
house”—vote for people.

31. Senate—members of the Congress considered the upper house elected by people of
their state; based on equality—number equals 2 per state (100); must be at least 30
yrs. old, serve 6 yr. terms, terms unlimited; has authority to put individual on trial,
“voice of public opinion”.

32. Impeachment—the official removal of a public official; accusation against a public
official of wrongdoing in office.

33. Supreme Court—members of the Judicial branch, which includes nine justices (1
Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices), they serve for a lifetime; appointed by the
President and confirmed/approved by Congress (Senate).

34. Judicial Review—the Supreme Court has the power to review acts of the federal
government and to cancel any acts that are unconstitutional, or violate a provision in
the Constitution.

35. Amendments—changes to the US Constitution; total 27

UNITED STATES HISTORY STUDY QUESTIONS
Chapter 4: The American Revolution

Ch. 4, section 1

How did the colonial government differ from the British government?

Colonial government had a Governor appointed by and served the king but paid by the colonial legislature. British government had a King which was an inherited executive power. Colonial government had Colonial Legislatures with Upper House or Council (appointed by the Governor and usually a prominent colonists but without inherited titles) and Lower House (elected by men who help property with about 2/3 of colonial men qualified to vote). British government had a Parliament with House of Lords (Aristocrats with inherited titles also inherited legislative power) and House of Commons (elected by men who held significant amounts of property with less than ¼ of British men qualified to vote). Formal documents provided the basis for colonial government, where as the British government consisted of a collection of accumulated laws.

What was the Stamp Act and what was the colonists’ reaction to it?

The Stamp Act, enacted by parliament in 1765, was the first law that taxed the American colonists directly, rather than through duties on imports; therefore it is called—a direct tax. The Stamp Act required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents (wills), licenses, newspapers, pamphlets, almanacs, playing cards, and dice. The colonists organized a secret resistance group called the Sons of Liberty. The colonist disobeyed the law, organized protests, boycotted goods, and many times harassed the British Stamp Agents. They were angry.

Who was Patrick Henry and what was his significance?

Patrick Henry a young Virginia representative apart of the individual colonial assembly. He helped the Virginia lower house adopt several resolutions as a lawyer he put together a strong collective protest stating Virginians could be taxed only by the Virginia assembly and only by their own representatives. These resolutions were known as the Virginia Resolves.

Who was Samuel Adams? What organization did he form?

Samuel Adams, influential political activist, help found the Sons of Liberty, a secret resistance group that leads in the boycott of British goods.

Why did the Stamp Act Congress issue a Declaration of Rights and Grievances? What did this mean?

The Stamp Act Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which demonstrated a sense of unity among the colonies. The Declaration of Rights and Grievances stated that parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because the colonists were not represented in parliament.

Who was Charles Townshend and what did he create?

Charles Townshend, the leading government minister who decided a new measure (other than the stamp act) to create revenue from the colonies. This was a new way to make revenue from the American colonists. In 1767, parliament passed the Townshend acts.

Why did the Townshend Acts anger the colonists?

The Townshend Acts angered the colonists because this was an indirect tax on imports, such as glass, lead, paint, and paper as they came into the colonies from Britain. It also imposed a three-penny tax on tea, the most popular drink in the colonies. The price of goods was higher.

What happened at the Liberty? Do you think that the colonists’ reaction to the seizing of the Liberty was justified?

A ship belonging to a merchant (John Hancock) was suspected of smuggling goods by the British soldiers. The inspector claimed Hancock neglected to pay custom taxes. This seizure triggered riots against custom agents. In response the British stationed 2,000 redcoats. Yes, England’s policy of taxing goods that the colonists traded with other countries was unjust. No, custom agents were simply doing their duty by searching ships they believed to be involved in smuggling.

What prompted the Boston Massacre?

Off duty British soldiers and colonists had been competing for ship yard work in Boston. A mob gathered outside a custom house and taunted British soldiers. This disagreement and tension led to the Boston Massacre.

Who was the first African American to be killed in the American Revolution?

Crispus Attucks, a sailor of African American and Native American ancestry, was an early hero of America’s struggle for freedom. He was the first to die in the Boston Massacre.

Why were the committees of correspondence established?

The committees of correspondence was established to help the colonies communicate with each other colonies about threats to American liberties and to stay informed on the British troops movements.

What prompted the Boston Tea Party?

The British East India Company was almost bankrupt. They could not sell their tea. So the parliament passed a law allowing them to sell the tea without a tax to the colonists. This angered many colonial merchants because it was cutting them out. So, several rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped 18,000 pounds of tea into Boston harbor which began the Boston Tea Party. In reaction, parliament passed the Intolerable acts.

What were the Intolerable (Coercive) Acts and how did the colonists respond to them?

Shut down Boston harbor; Quartering act; Commander-In-Chief of British forces (Thomas Gage)—new governor of Massachusetts; Boston under martial law (rule imposed by military forces) in order to keep peace. The colonists responded by these acts by assembling the first continental congress and defended their right to run their own affairs from the Declaration of Colonial Rights.

How did the Intolerable (Coercive) Acts lead to colonial unity?

Colonists saw the acts as a threat to their liberty. Although they did not agree on whether to fight for independence, they united in their protest against the harshness and unfairness of the Intolerable Acts.

What did King George set out to achieve when he disciplined Massachusetts?

King George III wanted to end (quell) all rebellions and enforcement of British rule when he disciplined Massachusetts. He also wanted to make the colonies pay for the damaged tea.

What was the significance of martial law?

Martial law was an action authorized by General Thomas Gage (commander-in-chief) of the British forces in North America. Gage was appointed the new royal Governor of Massachusetts. The significance of martial law was to keep peace by ruling the colonies with using military forces.

Who were the Minutemen?

Minutemen were civilian soldiers who were organized by the colonial leaders in the New England towns. They were to step in and be ready to fight at any moments notice. The minutemen begin to quickly stockpile fire arms and gunpowder at the Battle of Lexington.

What was accomplished at the First Continental Congress?

56 delegates met in Philadelphia and drew up a Declaration of Colonial Rights:

Colonies rights to run own affairs
Supported protests in Massachusetts
If British used force—the colonies would fight back!
Meet again in may 1775

This was a great example of how the colonies plan to stand strong against the British.

In what ways did the colonial reaction to British rule intensify between 1765 and 1775?

Colonial reaction gradually becomes more organized—Declaration of Rights and Grievances; boycotts of British goods; violent protest, Boston Massacre; Boston Tea Party; the First Continental Congress; battles of Lexington and Concord.

Ch. 4, section 2

1. Why did the British decide to march on Concord?
The British were concerned about reports brought to them of colonists having large amounts of arms (a stockpile guns) and ammunition hiding outside of Boston in the town of Concord. The British found out about the weapons and were going to destroy them.

What did Warren order Paul Revere to do?

He was ordered by Dr. Warren to warn the townspeople of Lexington and Concord that the British regulators were about to arrive to search for hidden arms for war.
He was to also warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams (two of the most prominent leaders in the resistance to British authority) who were in hiding because the British regulators were out to arrest them.

What were the causes and outcomes of the battles at Lexington and Concord?

The British were met in Lexington by 70 minutemen; resulting in eight minutemen (civilian soldiers) killed and 10 more were wounded. The British had only one casualty. This is where “the shot was heard around the world”. British won!!!
Concord—700 British troops march to concord to disarm the colonial militia. British find the empty arsenal and return to Boston, on their way back are met by 3,000 to 4,000 minutemen (ready to fight); the British soldiers were ambushed and outnumbered, some were wounded, the others retreated….Colonists won!!!

What actions did the Second Continental Congress take in response to the outbreak of war with Britain? Do you think the Continental Congress was responsible in the actions that it took? Why?

John Adams of Massachusetts suggested a plan for each colony to set up their own government and that congress declare the colonies independent. After several debates, they decided to place George Washington as leader of the Continental Army and to print money. The printed money would be used to pay the troops and organize a committee to deal with foreign nations.

Yes, because the British forces were well organized and the Americans needed a strong leader to organize them as well.
No, because the colonists had declared their intention to step up armed resistance thereby jeopardizing any hope for reconciliation with the crown (King George III).

What was the Olive Branch Petition? Do you think the Olive Branch Petition was too little too late? Why?

The Olive Branch Petition (July 8, 1775) was sent to King George III urging to return to “former harmony” but King George rejected it, calling the colonists “traitors”. He issued the Prohibitory Act in august 1775, which declared the colonies in a state of rebellion and empowered royal officers.

Yes, because King George III had only responded to the colonists with punishment and by sending troops.
No, because a war would be costly for both sides.

Who was Thomas Paine? What did he argue in his pamphlet? Give details on the pamphlet.

Thomas Paine was an immigrant from England who wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense, an anonymous 50 page pamphlet. In simple but forceful and direct language he argued that the time had come for a radical course of action for the colonies: American independence from England, republican state governments, and a union of new states. Paine attacked King George III and explained his own revolt against the King had begun with Lexington and Concord. Paine sold over 500,000 copies and donated most of his profits to the Revolutionary war.

Why do you think that Common Sense was so effective?

Common Sense eased the colonists’ fears that they needed Britain to survive. It explained independence would give Americans the chance to create a better society. Paine stated a republic would provide opportunities to reward merit rather then inherited privilege. He also explained freedom from the British empire would allow Americans to trade with the entire world. This would be a universal struggle.

What ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Many of his ideas came from John Locke, who maintained that people enjoy “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property. Jefferson described these rights as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What reasons did Thomas Jefferson give to justify revolt by the colonists?

Jefferson explained the colonies had a right to revolt due to the government failing to protect those unalienable rights. In the document, Jefferson had a long list of grievances (as stated in Common Sense). He stated a declaration that all men are equal with certain natural rights that cannot be taken away. This document only separated the colonies from Great Britain. There was no turning back; the colonists must be ready to fight!!!

What political ideas from the Enlightenment influenced Thomas Jefferson?

The Social Contract theory, an emphasis upon natural rights and that the purpose of government should be to benefit the population being governed, not hold it in bondage.

Explain the ideas of natural rights and rule of law?

Natural rights simply means rights that belong to people simply because they are human (Jefferson quotes them as Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness); Rule of law is a type of government in which decisions must be based on law, not on the personal whim of the ruler (no one can be disenfranchise based on personal wishes).

What groups made up the Loyalists and the Patriots?

Loyalists (Tories)—those who oppose independence from Great Britain and evently left the colonies. Loyalists (William Franklin, Charles Inglis, Joseph Brant, Isaac Wilkins); African Americans (fought with hopes of freedom); Native Americans
(due to colonial settlers being the biggest threat to their lands).
Patriots—supports of independence eventually are called Rebels. Patriots (Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, Nathaniel Greene, James Armistead, and Mercy Otis Warren); Quakers (but did not fight); African Americans (some fought).

How did the thinking of the Loyalists differ from that of the Patriots?

The Loyalists maintained respect for the King and preferred British rule. They felt the Patriot forces were too weak to resist Britain’s power and that a revolt against the King would bring destruction. The loyalists disliked the Patriot’s taxes, oaths of loyalty, and militia drafts. Some were even angered by the Patriot’s closing Loyalist newspapers. The Patriots agreed with Paine and wanted to be free of tyrannical laws imposed by Britain. They felt that their actions were in response to Britain’s determination to limit them and they would not waver (give up).

Ch. 4, section 3

What were some advantages of the colonists during the war? The disadvantages?

Advantages of the colonists during the war:

Familiar with home ground; 2. Leadership of George Washington and other

officers who had more efficient military tactics, such as firing from cover; 3. Inspiring cause--“independence”; 4. Support from France
Disadvantages of the colonists during the war:

Soldiers struggled to stay alive; to stay clothed, housed, fed, warm, and

Healthy; 2. Soldiers struggled to keep their spirits up; 3. Despite facing a better prepared, better-armed, more numerous enemy; 4. Low pay received; lack of uniforms and boots

What were some advantages of Great Britain during the war? The disadvantages?

Advantages of the Great Britain during the war:

Strong, well-trained army and navy; 2. Strong central government with

available; 3. Funds to furnish better food, supplies, and lodgings; 4. Support of colonial loyalists and Native Americans.
Disadvantages of Great Britain:
1. Unfamiliar lands; large distance separating Great Britain from battle fields
2.No strong alliance or strong generals; 3. Some British politicians showed sympathy to the American cause; luck was not on their side; 4. The use of mercenaries who had no real stake in the outcome was not a good idea.

What was the Battle of Bunker Hill?

British leader: General Thomas Gage; British won only because of colonists not having enough ammunition. British suffered a great loss in troops named the deadliest battle of the war. After the battle of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill, Massachusetts), many people called for a peaceful solution to the colonies problems with England.

How was the Continental Army able to capture Trenton?

Washington takes Trenton and Princeton—Washington and his army were crossing the Delaware River in small rowboats. Those 2,400 men marched through sleet and snow (a fierce storm). Most of the Hessians (Germans) were sleep and had drank too much the night before because it was Christmas night. Washington took the troops by surprise. They killed 30 men, held 918 men captive, and took 6 Hessians cannons. This demonstrated Washington’s tactical brilliance which sparked the determination, dedication, and courage of his troops. Many soldiers re-enlisted at this time. Another victory came later against 1,200 British soldiers stationed at Princeton.

Why were the victories at Trenton and Princeton so important to the Continental Army?

The victories at Trenton and Princeton were so important because these victories showed that Washington and his troops (Continentals) took the overconfident Germans by surprise (in Trenton) on Christmas night and won. This battle showed Washington and some 2,400 troops ferried across the ice-choked Delaware River in small boats. Before there were many losses and those victories motivated continentals to re-enlist and continue fighting in the war and the American morale rose. Also, this demonstrated Washington’s tactical brilliance which sparked the determination, dedication, and courage of his troops.

What factors contributed to General Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga?

General Burgoyne under estimated the difficulties of fulfilling the Americans attack. The British commander and his troops faced difficult terrain (traveling from Montreal) and raids by the American militia. They ran low on food and General Howe failed to arrive with reinforcements. British confidence was damaged. The French signed an alliance or Treaty of Cooperation with the American troops. General Burgoyne showed more compassion toward his soldiers than any other British commanding officer; he was nicknamed “the soldier’s friend”.

Why was the Battle of Saratoga considered the turning point of the war?

The American victory at the battle of Saratoga was the turning point in the American Revolution—it prompted France’s involvement and the British army was not able to combine to defeat the continentals. The victory at Saratoga bolstered the French trust in the American army and France had now agreed it was time to support the revolution. The massed American troops finally surrounded Burgoyne at Saratoga. The British strategy had to be changed and General Borgoyne had to surrender to General Horatio Gates. The British now had to fight near the coast and close to their guns arsenal and the supply base on the British fort.

What did France agree to do in its treaty of cooperation with the Americans?

France signed the treaty in February 1778 and the agreed to recognize American independence and agreed not to make peace with Britain until it recognized American Independence as well. The French had been secretly sending weapons to
the Patriots since 1776.

What happen at Valley Forge?

Valley Forge (1777-1778)—harsh winter camp where the Continental army of 10,000 soldiers stayed. The soldiers suffered from cold weather exposure and frost bite; resulting in a loss of 2000+ soldiers, there were no deserters! Surgeons worked constantly but often were unsuccessful in saving soldiers’ arms and limbs from amputation. The continental army suffered greatly.

What economic problems did the Americans face in financing the war?

Congress ran out of hard currency. They began to print paper money causing inflation—rising prices. Some government officials engage in profiteering—selling scare goods for a profit.

Why was the Spanish governor of Louisiana important for the Patriots?

He gave the Patriots money and supplies. He also prevented the British from sailing up the Mississippi River, effectively stopping the British from mounting a two-sided attack on Patriot troops.

In what ways did women contribute to the Revolutionary war?

Women managed homes, businesses, and ships dock areas along with taking care of their families. They cooked and were sewing uniforms for the troops. Some fought in the war risking their lives in combat. (1) Sarah Franklin—volunteered to mend clothing for the soldiers. (2)Deborah Sampson (Massachusetts) and (3) Sally St. Clair (South Carolina)—disguised themselves as men and fought in the army.
(4) Nancy Hart (Georgia)— captured a group of loyalists soldiers all by herself.
(5) Abigail Adams (wife of John Adams)—wrote a letter to him explaining Congress should include the liberties of women in the laws of the new country.

Who was Molly Pitcher?

Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley “molly pitcher” took her husband’s place at the cannon when he was wounded at the Battle of Monmouth. Also, she continued involvement in the war carrying pitchers of water to the soldiers. General Washington made her a non-commissioned officer for her brave deeds.

Ch.4, section 4

What contribution did Friedrich von Steuben make to the American war effort?

Friedrich von Steuben—a Prussian captain and talented drillmaster (volunteered his services to General Washington) transformed the continental army during the winter of 1777-1778 by teaching the soldiers how to execute field maneuvers, fire and reload quickly, and wield bayonets.

What role did Marquis de Lafayette play in the Revolution?

Marquis de Lafayette— a brave, idealistic 20-yr old French aristocrat, aided the American cause by joining George Washington’s staff, leading a command in Virginia, and suggesting the military strategy that resulted in the surrender of the British army (Yorktown). He also encouraged the French to send reinforcements in 1779.

What was the British strategy in the South and why did they expect support from southern Loyalists?

The British hoped to rally loyalist support in the south, recapture their colonies, and establish a base from which they could move north. The South was largely agricultural and dependent on British markets for its cotton; at the same time, the South relied on imports, mainly from Britain, of goods they could not produce themselves.

Where were most of the later Revolutionary battles fought? Describe the war in the South.

Most of the later battles were in the south. Despite early British victories in many seaports, the British failed to win civilian or Loyalists militia support, leading the South to support the Patriots. Also Spanish forces attacked British forts, deflecting British attention away from the Patriots. New Continental Army commanders won important victories and caused massive British losses, frustrating British commanders.

Why did General Cornwallis lead his army to Yorktown?

The British General Charles Cornwallis wins many southern victories. He camps at Yorktown, plans to take Virginia. The battle of Yorktown—was a significant win for the colonists because up until then, the war could have gone either way.

What was Washington’s plan at Yorktown?

He planned to trap the British General Charles Cornwallis’s army between his army and the French forces, who were in the Chesapeake Bay.

How did the French forces contribute to the American victory at Yorktown?

The French troops joined the siege, while other French ships blocked a British rescue by sea. There was also some Spanish support (as an ally to the French). Spain allowed the American Navy to use the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Who was Benedict Arnold?

Benedict Arnold—traitor, he was a commanding officer and good friend to Washington. Arnold’s wife was a devout loyalist, so he began to spy for the British—he was caught. At the beginning of the war he was a popular patriot soldier and leader who helped defend the New England territory and then served as the American Commander of Philadelphia.

What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783?

Treaty of Paris (1783) written & signed in Paris: (Benjamin Franklin attended for the colonies)

Officially ends the Revolutionary War
Confirmed colonial (U. S.) Independence
Recognized the colonies as the United States of America
Set boundaries of the new nation (Canada-Florida & Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River).

What issues did the Treaty of Paris leave unresolved?

The issues the Treaty of Paris left unresolved were it (1) did not specify when British troops would evacuate American Forts and (2) did not discuss the protection of lands belonging to Native Americans who had allied with British.

In what ways did the Revolution fail to change the lives of women and African Americans?

Women did not have any new political rights. There were limits on women being able to divorce their husbands and common law still dictated that a married woman’s property belonged to her husband. African Americans were still enslaved and even those who were free usually faced discrimination and poverty. Native Americans lands were being taken away by the colonial settlers.

What were the exceptions to the spirit of egalitarianism that arose after the Revolutionary War?

The main exceptions to the spirit of egalitarianism was African Americans, most of whom remained enslaved and Native Americans, whose land were being taken away by colonial settlers.

Describe three significant challenges facing the United States when the American

Revolution ended.
There were three challenges facing the United States

It had to form a government; Handle problems resulting from the provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1783; Live up to its original ideals for wanting independence (set out to find/build a stable republic (government of the people).

________________________________________________
Vocabulary_Chapter 4 The American Revolution

1. Proclamation of 1763—developed by King George III, it was a declaration (law) that
limited colonial settlement after the French and Indian War forbade colonists from
moving into territory west of the Appalachian Mountains.

2. Treaty of Paris (1763)—Treaty ending the French and Indian War that resulted in
Great Britain winning control of France's claims in Canada and east of the
Mississippi River and Florida.

3. Sugar Act—This law raised duties (taxes) on goods imported from any place other
than England or another British-controlled colony, especially on refined sugar and
textiles (cloth). It was designed to help pay war debt from the French and Indian war
and reduce colonial smuggling.

4. Stamp Act—This law was a British tax on printed material (such as newspapers,
pamphlets, legal documents, wills, and playing cards and dice) in the colonies. It was
considered a direct tax in which the colonists had to pay.

5. John Adams—a prominent Massachusetts lawyer who observed the protests made by
the colonists during the Revolutionary period and wrote several documents in
support of the protest. He will eventually become the Secretary of State and later the
2nd President of the United States.

6. Patrick Henry—a young Virginia representative who used the enlightenment ideas
(revolutionary period—natural and individual rights) to draft a radical document
called the Virginia Resolves that argued only the colonial assemblies had the right to
tax the colonists. Later, he was quoted in stating “Give me liberty or Give me death”
while fighting for the Revolutionary cause.

7. Samuel Adams—Famous leader during the Revolutionary period in Boston, he
formed the secret resistance group called the Sons of Liberty.

8. Sons of Liberty—a secret resistance group of Patriots that led protest against
England’s laws and organized boycotts against England’s taxation policies. They also
harassed the custom stamp agents. Daughters of Liberty made colonial goods to
substitute for British goods during this period.

9. Non-importation Agreement—colonial consumer boycotts of British exports as a
response to taxes passed by the Parliament. It threaten British merchants and
manufacturers with economic ruins.

10. Townshend Acts—This law levied new import duties (taxes) on items such as glass,
lead, paint, paper, and a 3 penny tax on tea. It was an indirect tax which caused the
colonial merchants to increase the price of their goods.

11. Boston Massacre—Incident that occurred on March 5, 1770 between a squad of
British soldiers and colonists that resulted in 5 colonists (including Crispus Attucks)
dead in the snow. Led to colonial dissent (hatred) against the British.
12. Crispus Attucks—A sailor of African American and Native American ancestry
(may have been an escaped slave) who was self-educated and was an early hero of
America’s struggle for freedom. He was one of the first to die in the Boston
       Massacre.

13. Committees of Correspondence—an organized network of colonial men that was
established to help the colonies communicate with each other colonies about threats
to American liberties and to stay informed on the British troops movements.

14. Boston Tea Party—the result of the English allowing the British (Dutch) East
Indian Company sell their tea to colonists tax free. This angered many colonial
merchants because it was taking away their profit (cutting them out). So, several
rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped 18,000
pounds of tea into Boston harbor.

15. King George III—At the age of 22, he became the King of England in 1760 (just
before the end of the French and Indian War and during the Revolutionary War
period).

16. Intolerable Acts—(Also known as the Coercive Acts) The British government’s
response to the colonial Boston Tea Party; the Parliament passed this series of laws
in 1774. They were as follows: closure of Boston Harbor, placing Boston under
martial law, issuing the Quartering Act, and appointing a new royal governor
(Thomas Gage) in charge.

17. First Continental Congress—a gathering of 56 delegates at Carpenter’s Hall in
Philadelphia on September 5, 1774; the delegates adopted a number of measures
such as renewed boycotts of British goods and a call to the people of all the English
colonies to arm themselves and form militias (colonial soldiers).

18. Martial Law—emergency rule by military authorities to control chaos (presently
under this rule some Bill of Rights guarantees are suspended).

19. Minutemen/Militia—armed citizens (colonial men) who serve as soldiers during an
emergency (ready to fight at a moment’s notice). They were Patriot fighters (full-
time farmers and part-time soldiers).

20. Second Continental Congress—this Congress gathered in Philadelphia on May of
1775, less than a month after British troops and colonial militia had clashed at
Lexington and Concord. The colonists agreed to set up their own government and
that Congress declare the colonies independent. They decided to place George
Washington as leader of the Continental Army and to print money. The printed
money would be used to pay the troops and organize a committee to deal with
foreign nations.

21. Continental Army—the army that represented the colonies during the
Revolutionary War, made up of minutemen (Patriots-armed civilians in the colonies).

22. George Washington—appointed Commander of the Continental Army at the
Second Continental Congress; led the American forces against the British in the War
for Independence. Later becomes the first President of the United States.

23. Olive Branch Petition—the delegates from the Second Continental Congress
devised a plea written by John Dickerson (on the behalf of the American colonists) to
King George III in 1775 that he would halt the fighting. This was thought of as a
compromise with hopes of Britain increasing colonial self-rule. King George III
rejects the petition.

24. Common Sense—a 50 page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in which he argued
       that the time had come for American Independence. Paine attacked King
       George III and explained his own revolt against the King had begun with Lexington
and Concord. Paine sold over 500,000 copies and donated most of his profits to the
Revolutionary War. It was used as an inspiration to the colonists to demand
       independence from England.

25. Thomas Paine—was an immigrant from England who was the author of a pamphlet
called Common Sense used to inspire colonial independence.

26. Thomas Jefferson—the main author of the Declaration of Independence; a firm
believer in people having “unalienable rights” (natural rights) which are Life,
Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness.

27. Declaration of Independence—a document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776,
issued at the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted
independence from England. It expressed ideas inspired by English philosopher
John Locke. Jefferson stated the colonies had a right to revolt due to the
government failing to protect their unalienable rights to Life, Liberty, and Pursuit
of Happiness.

28. Natural Rights—the Enlightenment period ideas embraced by the Second
Continental Congress that all men are born with and that no one can take away, also
known as unalienable rights.

29. Patriots—person who wanted independence from England, many joined the
Continental Army against England.

30. Loyalists—person who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American
Revolution.

31. Lexington and Concord—the first battles of the American Revolutionary War
occurred in April 1775. Lexington won by British (Redcoats) and Concord won by
Continental Army (Patriots).

32. William Howe—British Commander at the Battle of Bunker Hill who was ordered
to retake the hills; he accomplished this by ordering a frontal assault of British
soldiers in the middle of the day. He was successful on the third charge up the hill
by capturing the fort only because the Patriots ran out of ammunition.

33. Mercenary—German leaders hired out some of their regular army units to England
to fight against the Patriots in the American Revolution. They were called Hessians.

34. Inflation—is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an
economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of
currency buys fewer goods and services.

35. Profiteering—makes what is considered an unreasonable profit especially on the sale
of essential goods during times of war or emergency; the selling of scarce items at
unreasonably high prices.

36. Molly Pitcher—was a nickname given to a woman who earned it by carrying
pitchers of water to the soldiers that fought in the American Revolution,
her original name is Mary Ludwig Hays. It is also believed she took her husband’s
place at the cannon (after he was shot) at the Battle of Monmouth.

37. Battle of Trenton—took place on December 26, 1776, during the American
Revolutionary War, after General George Washington’s crossing of the Delaware
      River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse (bad) weather
made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army
against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire
Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. This modest
      victory raised the spirits of the troops and Patriots supporters at
a critical moment.

38. Battle of Princeton—this was a battle in which General George Washington's
revolutionary forces defeated British forces near Princeton, New Jersey. On the night
of January 2, 1777 George Washington, Commander-in-Chief had another victory by
moving his troops at night. Washington inflicted heavy casualties on General Charles
Cornwallis’s troops.

39. Battle of Saratoga—conclusively decided the fate of British General John
Burgoyne’s Army in the American Revolutionary War and is generally regarded as a
      turning point in the war. Fought in Saratoga, New York, news of Burgoyne's
surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an
      American ally, although it had previously given supplies, ammunition and
guns.
40. Marquis de Lafayette—a French aristocrat and military officer who assisted
American forces in the American Revolutionary period. Lafayette served as a major-
general in the Continental Army under George Washington. In the middle of the war
he returned to France to negotiate an increase in French support. On his return, he
blocked troops led by Cornwallis at Yorktown while the armies of Washington and
others prepared for battle against the British. He is best known for devising the
      military strategy to surround the British at Yorktown.

41. Friedrich von Steuben—a Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector
general and Major General of the Continental Army during the American
Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental
Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines.

42. Benjamin Franklin—as a statesman during the American Revolutionary period, he
lead American negotiations in Paris, France to end the Revolutionary war. Franklin is
also known as a colonial inventor, printer, and writer (he contributed to the repeal of
the Stamp Act, Declaration of Independence, and the United States Constitution). He
earned the title “the First American” for his early campaign of colonial unity (Albany
Plan of Union).

43. Valley Forge—the infamous winter camp site (outside of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania) where Washington and his Continental Army spent the harsh winter
of 1777-1778. The soldiers suffered from a lack of supplies and food. Washington
reported nearly 1/3 of his 10,000 had no shoes.

44. Battle of Monmouth—an American Revolutionary War (or American War of
Independence) battle fought on June 28, 1778 in Monmouth County, New Jersey. The
Continental Army under General George Washington attacked the rear of the British
Army column as they left Monmouth Court House. The battle improved the military
reputations of Washington and the soldiers improved discipline under fire.

45. Kings Mountain—a 1780 Revolutionary War battle in South Carolina in which
Patriots defeated a Loyalist militia.

46. Charles Cornwallis—the commander of British forces during the American
Revolution. He surrendered at Yorktown and returned to Britain.

47. Yorktown—a victory won by a combination of American and French forces.
Lafayette helped to corner Britain’s Lord Cornwallis and his troops at Yorktown in a
triangular trap. The American defeat of the British at Yorktown (1781) was the last
major battle of the American Revolution. However, the war did not officially end
until the Treaty of Paris (1783).

48. Treaty of Paris (1783)—the announcement of America’s independence without
qualification from England. It ended the American Revolutionary War. The United
States won its independence and gained control of land stretching to the Mississippi
River.

49. Egalitarianism—the War stimulated a belief in equality of all people, which
fostered a new attitude; the idea that ability, effort, and virtue, not wealth or family
defined one’s worth. Note: only applied to all white males.

50. Manumission—the act of freeing someone from slavery; mainly occurred in colonies
like Virginia and Maryland after the American Revolutionary War.

51. American Revolutionary War—also known as the War for Independence between
the American colonies and England. The end of the war granted America its
independence from England with the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

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http://www.dublincityschools.us/userfiles/48/Classes/623/Chapter%205%20Study%20Questions%20%20Vocabulary%202012ans.doc

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