Expansion and reform study guide

 

 

Expansion and reform study guide

 

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Expansion and reform study guide

EXPANSION AND REFORM (1801-1850)

2.01 - Effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union

• What tactics can citizens use to influence government?
• How can expansion lead to conflict and change?
• What affect did territorial expansion have on the development of the new nation?

Causes of American Expansion in the 1830s and 1840s

  • Economic Factors – exhaustion of good soil and the Panic of 1837(economy went down)  pushed people West.
  • Manifest destiny – the belief that God’s destiny for the United States was to rule from coast to coast.
  • 49ers – the gold rush in 1849 brought thousands of people searching for fortune
  • Native American Policy
    • The Indian Removal Act (1830) – forcible removal of native Americans
    • Worcesterv. Georgia(1832) – John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation was not subject to the laws of the state. Jackson refused to enforce the ruling stating that “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it”
    • Trail of Tears – Cherokees and other Native American tribes from the southeast were forced to march 1200 miles to Oklahoma territory.

Expansion of United States Territory

  • Lewis and Clark – sent to explore the Louisiana Territory
  • Texas Annexation
    • Texans declared independence from Mexico (1821)
    • The Alamo (1836) – Texans were greatly defeated by the Mexicans
    • Texas was admitted to the United States in 1845
  • Mexican-American War was fought over border disputes between Mexico and the U.S.
    • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – California and New Mexico added to the US, Mexican border set at Rio Grande, US pays Mexico $15 million
    • Wilmot-Proviso – wanted to restrict slavery in the new territories, but southerners felt this was an attack on their lifestyle
  • Oregon Territory – “54 40 or fight!” – the war cry for those wanting war with England of Oregon’s border. A treaty set the border at the 49th parallel in 1846.
  • Gadsden Purchase (1853) – US bought New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico for $10 million. With this purchase, the contiguous 48 states were formed.

Slavery & The Effects of Territorial Expansion

  • Missouri Compromise –Drafted by Henry Clay, this admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, the rest of the new territory would be split by the 36’ 30 line, north=free, south=slave.
  • Nationalism – pride in one’s nation – including wanting to make it larger/more expansive
  • Sectionalism  - pride in one’s region – fighting for your lifestyle (south=slavery)
    • regional differences: slavery/economy/population

2.02 - Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.

• How did the art, literature, and language of 1801-1850 reflect a collective sense of nationalism and sectionalism?
• How did the U.S. develop and express its unique style through the arts during the early 1800s?
• Are art and literature effective formats for communicating political and social discontent?

Expressions of Nationalism

  • Painting – Hudson River School artists painted American landscapes.
  • Authors
    • Noah Webster – created the 1st American dictionary
    • James Fennimore Cooper – author of Last of the Mohicans
    • Nathaniel Hawthorne – author of The Scarlet Letter
    • Washington Irving – author of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle
    • Edgar Allen Poe – wrote poetry, horror stories, The Raven
  • Transcendentalism – writers, philosophers, poets, etc. who believed in the expression of personal feelings and individualism
    • Ralph Waldo Emerson – poet, preacher, essay writer
    • Henry David Thoreau – wrote Walden about simple life, and Civil Disobedience

 

2.03 - Economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism.

• How were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in economic and social issues of the era?
• How do economic and social conditions and issues contribute to the differences in sectionalism and nationalism?
• How do economic and social conditions effect innovation and change?

Industrial Revolution

  • Reorganizing of society & economy. Machines replace hand tools which decreases the cost for many items. Unskilled laborers replace artisans, and more factories mean more jobs in cities.
  • Interchangeable Parts – invented by Eli Whitney, this increased the production of goods in factory systems.

Inventions/Inventors

  • Cotton gin – invented by Eli Whitney increased the need for slaves in the Plantation System.
  • Sewing Machine – invented by Elias Howe,  made production of goods faster and cheaper.
  • Steel plow – invented by John Deere, increased farm efficiency.
  • Telegraph – invented by Samuel Morse, improved communications (faster and father)
  • Steamboat – invented by Robert Fulton, reduced travel time; agriculture and industrial expansion

2.04 - Political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.

• In what ways were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in the politics and issues of the time period?
• How was the issue of slavery affected by territorial expansion?
• How did the politics of industrialization lead to conflict and change?
• To what extent were the leadership and personalities of the early 1800s responsible for the changes that occurred?

Era of Good Feelings

  • Period following the War of 1812 in which people were pleased with the way that the country was developing. There were not many Federalists during this time, all Democratic-Republicans.
  • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Showed the power of the federal government, saying that states could not tax the national bank.
  • Monroe Doctrine (1823) - The US would oppose any nation which tried to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden(1824) – showed  power of the federal government in interstate commerce (steamboats)
  • Election of 1824 – Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than Adams and Clay, but not a majority. The house chose Adams to be president because of Clay’s support. Adams and Clay agreed on Clay’s American System
    • American System – Clay’s plan to seal the rift between regions of the United States by making the regions work together and rely less on foreign trade. It included the Tariff of 1816, the 2nd Bank of the United States, and Internal Improvements such as the Erie Canal)
    • Jackson’s followers accuse Clay and Adams of a “corrupt bargain” when Clay was named Secretary of State under Adams.  This split the Democratic-Republicans.

 
Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1837)

  • Jackson’s election signaled the rise of the common man – elected by farmers and eastern workers.
  • Native American Policy included the Indian Removal Act and disagreement over Worcester v. Georgia
  • South Carolina Nullification Crisis  (1832)
    • South Carolina opposed the Tariff of Abominations. SC threatened to secede from the union.
  • Jackson was reelected in 1832 and he began a war over the US Bank.
    • Jackson opposed the US Bank because it was seen as a tool for the rich and oppressed the poor.
    • Jackson removed government money from the bank and put it in smaller pet banks.
      • Money circulation increased, inflation rose, states borrowed money for internal improvements
        • Panic of 1837 resulted when people went to trade in paper money for specie circular – bankers called in loans, gold supplies depleted, banks couldn’t make payments à bank failures were forced.
  • Whig Party (est. 1834) - a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. “King Andrew,” had enraged his political opponents with his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers.

 

2.05- Major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness.

• What characteristics define a perfect society?
• How is change influenced by the actions of citizens?
• To what extent was the debate over slavery essential to the reform movements?

Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery.

Prison Reform/Rehabilitation  

  • Dorothea Dix investigated and reported treatment of the insane which led to the creation of humane institutions.
  • Prisons were reformed to help with the rehabilitation of criminals

Education

  • Horace Mann - an educator who greatly advanced the cause of universal, free public schools. Mann also advocated for other reform movements but his preferred cause was education. His theory was while "other reforms are remedial; education is preventative."

Temperance Movement – fought to make alcohol illegal.

Women’s Rights

  •  Women were considered inferior to men; they were not allowed to vote, obtain higher education, or control their own property. The women’s rights movement sought to change that.
  • Seneca Falls Convention – 1st major convention addressing women’s rights, in Seneca Falls, NY.
  • Leaders of the women’s rights movement included: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

Religious Revival

  • 2nd Great Awakening – a religious revival among Protestants in the 1830s. It had its biggest impact among women. Many people involved in the religious revival were also involved in abolition.
  • Mormons – were founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have translated the book of Mormon sent by the Angel Moroni. They were forced to flee west because of their radical beliefs.
  • Brigham Young – became the leader of one sect of the Mormon church after the death of Joseph Smith.

Utopian Communities

  • Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida.
  • Housed many Transcendentalists and others with “enlightened thought” emphasizing individualism and the mysteries of nature.
  • Tried to form islands of perfection within the US.

2.06 - Role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements

• How did both sides of the abolitionist movement use religion to support their viewpoint?
• How did differing religious beliefs contribute to an increase in the sectional divisiveness of the country?
• In what ways did religious influence impact the effectiveness of social movements in the first part of the 19th century?

Slavery’s Economic Base

  • The cotton gin increased the need for slaves and allowed cotton to become the dominant southern crop.
  • Both the North and the South profited from the cotton industry
  • 80% of the worlds cotton came from the south

Slavery’s Social Base

  • A small number of whites owned slaves, but they held most political and social power in the South
  • The gap between the rich and the poor widened – social pyramid placed the 4 million slaves at the very bottom, beneath all whites.
  • The legal importation of slaves ended in 1808, but slaves were still bought or sold at auctions.

Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery.

Abolitionists Responses to Slavery

  • William Lloyd Garrison – a militant who argued that there should be no compromise on the issue of slavery, there should be immediate emancipation (freeing of all slaves).  He published the newspaper The Liberator which attacked slavery and the governments handling of it.
  • Grimké Sisters – southern sisters who toured New England lecturing against slavery.
  • Frederick Douglass – an escaped slave who became a powerful abolitionist giving influential speeches.
  • Harriet Tubman – a former slave who helped lead the Underground Railroad, a series of secret passages and safe-houses by which slaves traveled to escape north towards Canada.

Southern Defenses of Slavery

  • Slavery was ordained by God and permitted in the bible
  • Slavery was essential to the southern economy – a “necessary evil”
  • It was preferable to the “wage slavery” of the North
  • It was beneficial to the blacks that had traded the barbarism of Africa for the blessings of Christianity in America.

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Expansion and reform study guide

US GOAL 2 REVIEW (EXPANSION AND REFORM)

  1. What name was given to the period of national unity following the War of 1812?

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

  1. How did individuals, businesses and states finance the growth of the early 1800’s?

BORROWING MONEY

  1. What political party disappeared during the Era of Good Feelings?

FEDERALISTS

  1. What party was in control during the Era of Good Feelings?

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN

  1. What president enjoyed the political unity of the Era of Good Feelings?

JAMES MONROE

  1. Who received the most popular votes in the election of 1824?

ANDREW JACKSON

  1. Who won the election of 1824?

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

  1. What political party did Andrew Jackson form before the election of 1828?

DEMOCRATIC

  1. What voting requirement was removed by many states before the election of 1828?

PROPERTY OWNERSHIP

  1. What did Jackson do through his use of the spoils system?

REWARDED POLITICAL SUPPORTERS WITH GOVERNMENT JOBS

  1. What term present-day practice resembles the spoils system?

PATRONAGE

  1. What new political party practices were started by Jackson before the 1832 election?

PARTY PLATFORMS AND NATIONAL CONVENTIONS

  1. Why did Jackson win the election of 1828?

HE DIRECTED HIS CAMPAIGN TOWARD NEW VOTERS

  1. How did Jackson help satisfy the appetite for more land?

MOVED INDIANS FURTHER WEST

  1. What law was passed by Congress in 1830 that authorized the government to move

Native Americans? INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

  1. What Supreme Court case upheld the Cherokee right to stay on their land?

WORCESTER V. GEORGIA

  1. What name is given to the journey that Indians were forced to make as they moved

west of the Mississippi River?    TRAIL OF TEARS

  1. What name was given to the idea that the U.S. would eventually extend to the Pacific?

MANIFEST DESTINY

  1. What three areas were added to U.S. territory between 1845 and 1850?

TEXAS, OREGON, MEXICAN CESSION

  1. What president was responsible for these three areas being added to the U.S.?

POLK

  1. What foreign policy broke from isolation and warned European powers not to interfere

in the Western Hemisphere?  MONROE DOCTRINE

  1. What migration was led by Stephen Austin?

AMERICAN SETTLERS MOVING INTO TEXAS

  1. What battle cry was used by Texans as they resisted Santa Anna and the Mexican army?

“REMEMBER THE ALAMO”

  1. What nickname was given to Texas and who was its first president?

LONE STAR REPUBLIC / SAM HOUSTON

  1. Who were the first Americans to move into the Oregon Territory?

FUR TRAPPERS KNOWN AS MOUNTAIN MEN

  1. What town was the origin of trails heading west into Oregon and California?

INDEPENDENCE, MISSOURI

  1. What group best illustrates some of the hardships faced by pioneers moving westward?

DONNER PARTY

  1. What event resulted from a discovery made at Sutter’s Mill in California in 1848?

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

  1. What conflict led to a war between the U.S. and Mexico in 1846?

BORDER BETWEEN THE US AND MEXICO

  1. What action was taken by Polk that started the war with Mexico?

HE ORDERED US TROOPS TO CROSS THE NUECES RIVER

  1. What river was claimed by the US as the border between Mexico and Texas?

RIO GRANDE

  1. What hero in the Mexican War was later elected president?

ZACHARY TAYLOR

  1. What American led a revolution in California during the Mexican War?

JOHN FREMONT

  1. What nickname was given to the thousands of prospectors who rushed to California

to find gold?  49’ERS

  1. What additional land was bought from Mexico after the Mexican War and why was it bought?

GADSDEN PURCHASE / TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD

  1. What political campaign slogan indicated Polk’s desire to add Oregon to the U.S.?

54-40 OR FIGHT

  1. What country agreed to divide the Oregon Territory with the U.S.?

BRITAIN

  1. What religious group was responsible for first settling in the area around the Great Salt Lake?

MORMONS

  1. What individual was responsible for leading these settlers to Utah?

BRIGHAM YOUNG

  1. As manifest destiny became a reality, what major problem developed about future settlement?

WOULD SLAVERY BE ALLOWED IN THE NEW TERRITORIES?

  1. Who proposed the Missouri Compromise to Congress in 1819?

HENRY CLAY

  1. What issue was temporarily solved by the Missouri Compromise?

SLAVERY IN THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY

  1. What line divided slave and free territories in the Missouri Compromise?

36-30
44. What practice concerning admission of new states was begun by the Missouri Compromise?
A SLAVE STATE AND FREE STATE WOULD BE ADMITTED TOGETHER TO KEEP
THE BALANCE IN THE SENATE
45. What name was given to the perfect world that many religious groups believed they could
create during the early 1800’s?  UTOPIA

  1. What religious group was an example communities based on hard work and religious zeal?

SHAKERS

  1. Name three examples of attempts at creating utopian societies.

BROOK FARM , ONEIDA NEW HARMONY

  1. In addition to abolition, name three other reform movements of the mid-1800’s.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS, TREATMENT OF MENTALLY ILL, TEMPERANCE

  1. What was the goal of the abolitionist movement?

ABOLISH SLAVERY

  1. What literary and philosophical movement held the idea the individuals could make the world

a better place through self-reliance and self-improvement?  TRANSCENDENTALISM

  1. Who was the leader of the movement that started rehabilitation of the mentally ill?

DOROTHEA DIX

  1. What writer was responsible for transcendentalist beliefs?

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

  1. For what do we remember Henry David Thoreau?

WALDEN AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

  1. What was the goal of the temperance movement?

STOP THE USE OF ALCOHOL

  1. What movement was begun with a meeting at Seneca Falls, NY?

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

  1. What two leaders were responsible for the Seneca Falls convention?

SUSAN B. ANTHONY AND ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

  1. What civil rights leader of the 1960’s would be influenced by Henry David Thoreau?

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR

  1. What early American author described frontier life in Last of the Mohicans?

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER

  1. What was the most famous two works of Washington Irving?

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and “Rip Van Winkle”

  1. What subject was seen in paintings of early artists who followed the Hudson River theme?

AMERICAN LANDSCAPES

  1. Jackson’s campaign manager in 1828 and vice-president in 1832 helped start the Democratic

Party. Who was this man?  MARTIN VAN BUREN

  1. What political group was created to oppose Jackson and the Democrats?

WHIG PARTY

  1. What issue threatened the unity of the U.S. in the late 1820’s and early 1830’s?

HIGH TARIFF AND STATES RIGHTS

  1. What SC congressman served as Jackson’s first vice-president and would soon become

Jackson’s most bitter political enemy?  JOHN C. CALHOUN

  1. What issue was used by Jackson’s opponents in 1832 in attempt to prevent his re-election?

NATIONAL BANK

  1. Where did Jackson deposit federal government funds after the national bank charter was

not renewed?  STATE BANKS CALLED PET BANKS

  1. What were two rights that Calhoun claimed that states had?

NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION

  1. Who proposed a compromise that ended the controversy over the tariff in 1832?

HENRY CLAY

  1. What state was admitted in 1850 that upset the balance between free and slave states?

CALIFORNIA

  1. Why was Utah originally settled by Americans?

MORMONS LOOKING FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

  1. What Whig president died thirty days after taking office?

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

  1. What was the campaign slogan of the Whigs in the election of 1840?

TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO

  1. How did Jackson slow the purchase of federal land with cheap paper money?

SPECIE CIRCULAR

  1. What was the impact on the national economy with the end of the national bank?

INFLATION RESULTED WHEN STATE BANKS PRINTED PAPER MONEY

  1. What economic crisis developed as a result of Jackson’s economic programs?

PANIC OF 1837 and Martin Van Buren was blame for it.

  1. What did Samuel F. Morse invent?

 The Telegrapgh

  1. The tariff of 1828 made imports extremely expensive, it was better known as

Tariff of Abominations

  1. What forbade slaves from owning property or leaving their owners land without permission?

SLAVE CODES
78 Which Transcendentalism writer believe that a person should fight the presuure to confrom?
HENRY DAVID THOTEAU
79. Who was the Presbyterian minister who promote the Second Great Awakening?
Charles Finney
80. What contirbutions did Noah Webster make to the United States educational process in the early 1800’s?
HE WROTE THE FIRST AMERICAN DICTIONARY
81.One of the earlier  leaders in the reform movement of education was?
HORCE MANN
82. Is the style of Architecture that flourish in the US during the ealry 1800’s?
NEOCLASSICAL
83. What two states  became part of the Union as a result of the Compromise of 1820?
MISSOURI AND MAINE
84. Who who the Presidental election of 1844?
JAMES K. POLK
85. What was the first major finical crisis in the United States?
PANIC OF  1819
86. John Deer is remember for what?
was one of the first to design agricultural tools and machines to meet the specific needs of midwestern farmers.
87. Nativism got a lot of support from people living in the US for more the twenty years beacause?
They preach hostility toward foreigners
88. What writer is remember for poem “The Raven”?
EDGAR ALLEN POE
89. Whay Political Party was built on nativism?
KNOW-NOTHING
90. What writer is best remember for the book the Scarlet Letter?
Nathaniel Hawthrone
91. Who was the first man to put the Steamboat into Act?
Robert Fulton
92. The enslaved minister who led an armed uprising in Virginia to free slaves was?
NAT TURNER
93. Who proposed the American System?
HENRY CLAY
94.Who was  the publisher of  an antislavery paper called the North Star.?
Frederick Douglas

 

95. Who wrote the South Carolina Exposition and protest which agrue that staes had the right to declare a federal law null?
JOHN C, CALHOUN
96. Name the three parts to the American System
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT, A NATIONAL BANK, A PROTECTIVE TARRIFF

 

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