16th and 17th CENTURIES

18th CENTURY

19TH CENTURY

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
Nuclear family
Divorce nonexistent
Marriages arranged for economic reasons.
Prostitution in urban areas
Ave. age for men: mid-late 20s
Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old.
Church encouraged cult of paternal care.
Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage.
Manners shaped men to please women.
Relative sexual equality

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
Nuclear family
Divorce available in certain cases
More prostitution
Marriages still based on economics but increasingly more romantic.
Average age for marriage: 27 for men; 25 for women.
Increased infanticide.
Low rate of illegitimate births.
Dramatic population growth until 1650; growth slows until 1750.

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
Nuclear family
Growth of Cottage Industry.
Marriages based more on romance.
Average age for marriage: late 20s or later; takes longer for couple to be ready economically for marriage.
Many women don’t marry; "spinsters"
Illegitimate birth explosion:1750-1850
Increase in infanticide.
Foundling hospitals created
Young people increasingly worked away from home in the city.
"Spare the rod, spoil the child."
Rise of humanitarianism (influenced by Enlightenment.

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY:
Ideal of romantic love now most important reason
Fewer children per family; more love towards children
Middle class more apt to consider economic reasons
Many men married late
Women closely monitored
Sexual double standard
Rate of illegitimacy declined after 1850 in working classes
Prostitution sought by middle & upper middle class men
Freud: early childhood vital
Lower class kids less dependent on parents financially than middle class kids

STATUS OF WOMEN:
Status of upper-class women better than in next two centuries.

STATUS OF WOMEN:
Status of upper-class women declines in Renaissance.
Most women not affected by Renaissance.
Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men.
Sexual double standard
Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castaglione)
Rape not considered serious crime.
Protestant Reformation: women’s occupation is in the home.
Catholic orders for women grew.

STATUS OF WOMEN:
Protestant women still expected to manage the home.
Upper-class Catholic women had self-development options in religious orders.

STATUS OF WOMEN:
After 1850, increasingly separate spheres: men worked in factories; women stayed at home.
By late-19th century, women worked outside the home only in poor families
Middle class women began working to organize and expand their rights

EDUCATION:

EDUCATION:
Mostly for upper-classes

EDUCATION:
Protestantism spurred increased education for boys and girls.
Humanitarianism of Enlightenment led to improved education

EDUCATION:
Increase among middle class

RELIGION:
Dominated by Catholic Church
Reform movements: Wyclif and Hus.
Some persecution of witches

RELIGION:
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Counter Reformation
Religious wars
"New Monarchs" and Absolute Monarchs take control of national churches.
Major persecution of alleged witches.

RELIGION:
Protestant "Pietism" in Germany.
Rise of Methodism
Catholic piety remains.
Decrease in witch hunts

RELIGION:
Rerum Novarum
Syllabus of Errors
Kulturkampf
Increased emphasis on morality among middle class
Decline among urban working classes.

NUTRITION AND HEALTH
Poor harvests created malnutrition.
Black Plague resulted in loss of 1/3 of population.

NUTRITION and HEALTH:
Poor life expectancy (about 25 years)
Price Revolution = less food consumption due to higher prices (until about 1650).
Bread is staple food for poor classes.
Upper-classes eat large quantities of meat.
Smallpox and famines still ravaged parts of Europe.

NUTRITION and HEALTH
Improved diet: more vegetables (esp. potato).
Increased life expectancy from 25 years to 35 years.
Major advances in control of plague and disease (esp. Small Pox—Edward Jenner)
William Harvey: Circulation of Blood
Development of public health
Hospital reform
Reform for mental health institutions

NUTRITION and HEALTH
Public Health Movement: Bentham & Chadwick
Bacterial Revolution: Pasteur-"germ theory"
Antiseptic (Lister)
Increased life expetancy
Significant decline in infant mortality after 1890
Poor living conditions in cities

SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Feudalism dominated most of Europe.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Population growth began in 16th century until about 1650.
Cities grew faster than rural areas.
Two major hierarchies existed:
Countryside: landlords, peasants,
landless laborers
Urban: merchants, artisans,
laborers
Clergy, lawyers, teachers, & civil
servants fit awkwardly in both
hierarchies.
Advancement up the hierarchy possible through education.
Enclosure movement
Putting out system
Serfdom in eastern Europe

SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Cottage Industry in rural areas.
Growth of cities.
Serfdom in eastern Europe.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
Increased standard of living for average person; higher wages
Society more diverse and less unified
Middle Class
Upper Middle Class:
Banking; industry; large-scale
commerce
Diversified middle class groups
Moderately successful industrialists, merchants, professionals (doctors, lawyers)
Lower Middle Class:
Shopkeepers, small traders
Lower Class: (80% of population)
Highly skilled: Foremen; highly skilled handicraft trades
Semi skilled: Craftspeople
Low skilled: day laborers; domestic servants

SLAVERY:
Few Africans lived in Europe.

SLAVERY:
African slavery introduced.
Dramatic increase in slave trade in New World.

SLAVERY
Still exists in Portuguese, Spanish and British empires.

SLAVERY:
Ends in Latin America as Spanish and Portuguese leaders are overthrown and Latin American countries become independent.
Britain ends slavery in 1833
France ends slavery in 1848
Remains in U.S. until 1865