The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy summary

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The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy summary

A.P. U.S. History Notes
Chapter 13: “The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy”
~ 1824 – 1830 ~

Politics for the People

When the Federalists had dominated, democracy was not respected, but by the 1820s, it was widely appealing.

Politicians now had to bend to appease and appeal to the masses, and the popular ones were the ones who claimed to be born in log cabins and had humble backgrounds.
Those who were aristocratic (too clean, too well dressed, too grammatical, to highly intellectual) were scorned.

Western Indian fighters and/or militia commanders, like Andrew Jackson, Davy Crocket, and William Henry Harrison, were quite popular.
Jacksonian Democracy said that whatever governing that was to be done should be done directly to the people.
Called the New Democracy, it was based on universal manhood suffrage.

In 1791, Vermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to vote in the elections.

While the old bigwigs who used to have power sneered at the “coonskin congressmen” and the “bipeds of the forest,” the new democrats argued that if they messed up, they messed up together and were not victims of aristocratic domination.

Nourishing the New Democracy

The flowering the political democracy was in part caused the logical outgrowth of the egalitarian ideas that had taken root in colonial times.

The steady growth of the market economy also nourished it.
More and more people understood how banks, tariffs, and internal improvements affected the quality of their lives.
The panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 also helped it grow.

In the panic of 1819, overextended banks had called back their debts, and often, farmers unable to pay up lost their farms while the bankers didn’t have to lose their property because they simply suspended their own payments, and the apparent favoritism caused outcry.
The problem with Missouri had aroused Southern awareness to how the North could try to crush their slavery once and for all.
During the Jacksonian era, voter turnout rose dramatically, as clear political parties developed and new styles of politicking emerged.

In 1824, only ¼ of all eligible voters voted, but that numbered doubled 4 years later.
Candidates increasingly used banners, badges, parades, barbecues, free drinks, and baby kissing in order to “get the vote.”
Now, more members of the Electoral College were being chosen directly by the people rather than be state legislatures.
Since secret meetings now became unpopular, presidential nominations by congressional caucus emerged predominantly.

Briefly, nominations were made by some of the state legislatures, but by 1831, the first of the circuslike national nominating conventions were held.

The Adams-Clay “Corrupt” Bargaining.

In the election of 1824, there were four towering candidates: Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and John Q. Adams of Mass.

All four called themselves Republicans.

In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral College. Adams came in second in both, while Crawford was fourth in the popular vote but third in the electoral votes. Clay was 4th in the electoral vote.
By the 12th Amendment, the top three Electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House of Reps. and the majority (over 50%) would be elected president.
Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since Crawford has recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become president.

When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, traditional stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play.
John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay.

Evidence against any possible deal has never been found, but both men flawed their reputations.

A Yankee Misfit in the White House

John Quincy Adams was a man of puritanical honor, and he had achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity.
During his administration, he only removed 12 public servants from the federal payroll, thus refusing to kick out efficient officeholders in favor of his own, possibly less efficient, supporters.
In his first annual message, Adams urged Congress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed for a national university, and advocated support for an astronomical observatory.

Public reaction was mixed: roads were good, but observatories weren’t important, and Southerners knew that if the government did anything, it would have to continue collecting tariffs.

With land, Adams tried to curb overspeculation on land, much to Westerners’ anger, even though he was doing it for their own good, and with the Cherokee Indians, he tried to deal fairly with them and the state of Georgia successfully resisted federal attempts to help the Cherokees.

The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”

In 1824, Congress had increased the general tariff from 23% to 37%, but wool manufactures still wanted higher tariffs.
In the Tariff of 1828, the Jacksonians schemed to drive up duties to as high as 45% while imposing heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool, so that even New England, where it was needed, would vote the bill down and give Adams another political black eye.

However, the New Englanders spoiled the plan and passed the law (amended).
Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it.
The Southerners immediately branded it as the “Tariff of Abominations.”

In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a free Black, had led an ominous slave rebellion in Charleston.
The South mostly complained because it was now the least expanding of the sections.

Cotton prices were falling and land was growing scarce.

The Tariff Yoke in the South

Southerners sold their cotton and other products without tariffs, while the products that they bought were heavily tariffed.
Tariffs led the U.S. to buy less British products and vice versa, but it did help the Northeast prosper so that it could be more of the South’s products.
John C. Calhoun secretly wrote “The South Carolina Exposition” in 1828, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states.
However, South Carolina was alone in this nullification threat, since Andrew Jackson had been elected two weeks earlier, and was expected to sympathize with the South.

Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828”

Jacksonians argued, “Should the people rule?” and said that the Adams-Clay bargaining four years before had cheated the people out of the rightful victor.

They successfully turned public opinion against an honest and honorable prez.

However, Adams’ supporters also hit below the belt, even though Adams himself wouldn’t stoop to that level.

The called his mom a prostitute, called him an adulterer (he had married his wife thinking that her divorce had been granted, only to discover two years later that it hadn’t been), and after he got elected, his wife died, and Jackson blamed Adams’ men who had slandered Andrew Jackson on Rachel Jackson’s death; he never forgave them.

John Q. Adams had purchased, with his own money and for his own use, a billiard table and a set of chessmen, but the Jacksonians had seized, criticizing Adams’ incessant spending.

The Jacksonian “Revolution of 1828”

Jackson got 647,286 popular votes to Adams’ 508,064 and he also beat John in the Electoral College, 178 to 83.

Jackson had support from the West and South, while New England liked Adams.

The political center of gravity was shifting west, as Jackson had won because of his support by the West (well, they played a large part in it anyway).
Jackson sped up the process of transferring national power from the countinghouse to the farmhouse, and became the “People’s President,” not the aristocrat.
Adams still had a distinguished political career after presidency, getting elected to the House of Reps. of Massachusetts, and when he died in 1848, his funeral was the greatest pageant Washington D.C. had ever seen, and his popularity was greater near then end of his political career than during its zenith.

The Advent of “Old Hickory” Jackson

When he became president, Andrew Jackson had already battled dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and lead poisoning from two bullets lodged somewhere in his body.
He personified the new West: rough, jack-of-all-trades, a genuine folk hero.
Jackson had been early orphaned, was interested in cockfighting as a kid, and wasn’t really good with reading and writing, sometimes misspelling the same word twice in one letter.
He went to Tennessee, where he became a judge and a Congressman, and his passions were so profound that he could choke up on the floor.
A man with a violent temper, he got into many duels, fights, stabbings, etc…
He was a Western aristocrat, having owned many slaves, and lived in a fine mansion, the Hermitage, and he shared many of the prejudices of the masses.
He was called “Old Hickory” by his troops because of his toughness.
He was anti-federalist, believing that it was for the privileged only, but maintained the sacredness of the Union and the federal power over the states, but he welcomed the western democracy.
Jackson commanded fear and respect from his subordinates, and ignored the Supreme Court on several occasions; he also used the veto 12 times (compared to a combined 10 times by his predecessors) and on his inauguration, he let commoners come into the White House.

They wrecked the china and caused chaos until they heard that there was spiked punch on the White House front lawn; thus was the “inaugural bowl.”
Conservatives condemned Jackson as “King Mob” and berated him greatly.

Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System

The spoils system: rewarding supporters with good positions in office.
Jackson believed that experience counted, but that young blood and sharp eyes counted more, and thus, he went to work on overhauling positions and erasing the old.
Not since the election of 1800 had a new party been voted into the presidency, and even then, many positions had stayed and not changed.

More Victors than Spoils

Though he wanted to “wipe the slate clean,” only 1/5 of the men were sent home, and clean sweeps would come later, but there was always people hounding Jackson for positions, and those who were discharged often went mad, killed themselves, or had a tough time with it.
The spoils system denied many able people a chance to contribute.
Samuel Swartwout was awarded the lucrative post of collector of the customs of the port of New York, and nearly nine years later, he fled for England, leaving his accounts more than a million dollars short, becoming the first person to steal a million dollars from the government.
The spoils system was built up by gifts from expectant party members, and the system secured such a tenacious hold that it took more than 50 years before its grip was even loosened.

Cabinet Crises and Nationalistic Setbacks

Jackson had a mediocre cabinet, except for secretary of state Martin Van Buren, who was called “Matty” by Jackson and the “Little Magician” by his enemies.
He often consulted with newspaper editors who kept him up to date with his critics and the public opinion, though enemies criticized this perfectly okay thing.
In 1831, the “Eaton Malaria” struck as a scandal: Secretary of War John H. Eaton had married Peggy O’Neale, a woman with whom scandal was linked, who was then scorned upon by the ladies of Jackson’s official family.

Jackson tried to intervene on Peggy’s behalf, but had to accept defeat.
Van Buren then began to pay special attention to pretty Peggy O’Neale, and in the subsequent scandal, Jackson turned increasingly against Calhoun, breaking with him completely eventually when Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832, one year after his followers were purged from the cabinet.
Calhoun turned increasingly sectionalist.

Jackson was hostile to roads and canals; he let interstate roads be constructed, but roads inside states only were vetoed.

In 1830, when he vetoed a bill for improving the Maysville Road, it was a signal victory for eastern and southern states’ rightism in its struggle with Jackson’s own west.

The Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel

Concerned at the power and population draining out of it and into the West, in 1829, New England proposed a resolution designed to curb the sale of public lands.
The South, siding with the West against rival Northeast, had Robert Y. Hayne, a South Carolinian, who noted New England’s disloyalty in the War of 1812, the “Tariff of Abominations,” and New England’s inconsistent tariffs, and also called for nullification.
Daniel Webster, for New England, insisted that the people and not the states had framed the Constitution, and decried nullification; he awesomely pleaded for the Union, ending with “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”

Websterian Cement for the Union

Both men were great for their sections, and both were correct on things as they were at the time, though not necessarily on how they were in the past.
Webster’s speech was reprinted and its ideas seared into countless northerners like 21 year-old Abraham Lincoln, and helped win the Civil War years before it occurred by implanting the idea for the Union to fight for: preservation of it.
Jackson, who had been silent for a while, was to be coaxed through some toasts in his honor so that he’d speak up for the states’ rights.
Forewarned, he declared “Our Union: It must be preserved!” and dealt a huge blow to the scheme of the states’ rights advocates.

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The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy summary

Ch. 13 The Rise Of Jacksonian Democracy, 1824-1830
Slavery & politics:
In the 1820s and 1830s one issue that greatly raised the political stakes was – slavery.
Two-Party System:
The new two party political system that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s
– became an important part of the nation’s checks and balances. [traps us in the world of South Park too]
In the 1820s and 1830s the public’s attitude regarding political parties
– accepted the sometimes wild contentiousness of political life. [radical parties of the political parties]
By the 1840s new techniques of politicking included all of the following:
the use of banners - free drinks – parades - baby kissing
1824 Election – Our first son of a President as President – JQA – JQA wins!:
The presidential election of 1824 – was the first one to see the election of a minority president
Each individual below is matched with the correct description:
Andrew Jackson – received more popular votes than any other candidate in 1824
Henry Clay – was eliminated as a candidate when 1824 election was thrown to House of Representatives
John C. Calhoun – was vice president on the ticket of two presidential candidates in 1824
The House of Representatives decided the 1824 presidential election when
– no candidate received a majority of the vote in the Electoral College.
John Quincy Adams, elected president in 1825, was charged by his political opponents with having struck a
“corrupt bargain” when he appointed – Henry Clay – to become – secretary of state.
As president, John Quincy Adams – was one of the least successful presidents in American history.
John Quincy Adams could be described as – possessing almost none of the arts of the politician.
John Quincy Adams’s weaknesses as president included all of the following:
a deep nationalistic view - only 1/3rd of voters voted for him - his sarcastic personality - he was tactless
During his long political career, John Quincy Adams was at one time or another -
a nationalist, secretary of state, a congressman, and president (not necessarily in that order).
While he was president, John Quincy Adams was roundly criticized for his -
land policy - Indian policy - support for internal improvements - supposed aristocratic life style
1828 Election Gets Ugly:
The presidential election of 1828 was characterized by -
mudslinging tactics by both parties against the opposing candidate
an unusually high voter turnout
both sides using trees to symbolize their candidate.
Increased voter participation by the 1840s – why?:
By the 1840s voter participation in the presidential election reached – nearly 80 percent.
Andrew Jackson is urninated, wants revenge, becomes President, and as before, becomes a bane to Indians:
Andrew Jackson’s political philosophy was based on his – suspicion of the federal government. {except his of course}
Andrew Jackson’s inauguration as president symbolized the – newly won ascendancy of the masses. (how?)
{That dude was a rich slave owner who was poor at one time but arose to aristocratic status}
Spoils System & Jackson:
The purpose behinds the spoils system was – to reward political supporters with public office.
The spoils system under Andrew Jackson resulted in
– the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs.
Tariff of 1828:
The people who proposed the exceptionally high rates of the Tariff of 1828 were
– ardent supporters of Andrew Jackson
The section of the United States most hurt by the Tariff of 1828 was – the South
Southerners feared the Tariff of 1828 because – this same power could be used to suppress slavery.
Jackson’s don-in-law, John C. Calhoun:
John C. Calhoun’s “South Carolina Exposition” was an argument for – states’ rights.
Jackson, Calhoun, South Carolina, and “nullification”:
The “nullification crisis” of 1832-1833 erupted over – tariff policy.
The strong regional support for the Tariff of 1833 came from – the South.
The Force Bill of 1833 provided that
– the President could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties.
[Jackson threatens to hang Calhoun – mobilizes army to invade SC]
The person most responsible for defusing the tariff controversy that began in 1828 was – Henry Clay.
The nullification crisis of 1833 resulted in a clear-cut victory for – neither Andrew Jackson nor the nullifiers
In response to South Carolina’s nullification of the Tariff of 1828, Andrew Jackson
– dispatched military forces to South Carolina.
The nullification crisis started by South Carolina over the Tariff of 1828 ended when
– Congress passed the compromise Tariff of 1833.
Southerners disliked the Tariff of 1828 because it -
raised the price of manufactured goods
represented the growing power of the federal government
The South Carolina nullifying convention -
declared the tariff of 1832 null and void within South Carolina
ordered the South Carolina state legislature to make military preparations to defend the state nullified the Force Bill passed by Congress
threatened to secede from the Union if the national government tried to force the state into compliance with congressional law.
Jackson removes Indians:
Andrew Jackson’s administration supported the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states because
– whites wanted the Indians’ lands.
In their treatment of Native Americans, white Americans did all of the following:
recognize the tribes as separate nations
try to civilize them
trick them into ceding land to whites.
promise to acquire land only through formal treaties
In an effort to assimilate themselves into white society, the Cherokees did all of the following:
adopt a system of settled agriculture
develop a written constitution
become cotton planters
develop a notion of private property
The policy of the Jackson administration toward the eastern Indian tribes was – forced removal.
Jackson and the Bank War:
Andrew Jackson and his supporters disliked the Bank of the United States for all of the following reasons
except it – put public service first, not profits
Andrew Jackson made all of the following charges against the Bank of the United States except that
– it refused to lend money to politicians.
One of the positive aspects of the Bank of the United States was – its promotion of economic expansion by making credit abundant.
While in existence, the Second Bank of the United States
– was the depository of the funds of the national government.
Andrew Jackson’s veto of the re-charter bill for the Bank of the United States was
– a major expansion of presidential power.
Andrew Jackson based his veto of the re-charter bill for the Bank of the United States on
– the fact that he found the bill harmful to the nation.
One of the main reasons Andrew Jackson decided to weaken the Bank of the United States after the 1832
election was – his fear that Nicholas Biddle might try to manipulate the bank to force its re-charter.
[Biddle & Jackson intensely disliked each other – personal for Jackson]
In his veto of the bank re-charter bill, President Jackson claimed that the bank was -
unconstitutional
anti-western
too much influenced by aristocrats and foreigners
corrupt and monopolistic
Following his election in 1832, President Jackson decided to -
remove federal funds from the Bank of the United States gradually
stop depositing federal funds in the Bank of the United States
start depositing federal funds in several “pet” state banks
Masons & Anti-Masons:
The Anti-Masonic party of 1832 appealed to – American suspicions of secret societies.
The Anti-Masonic party - was an anti-Jackson party & was the nation’s first third party.
Political Parties Innovate:
Innovations in the election of 1832 included – adoption of written party platforms.
Whigs:
Supporters of the Whig party included all of the following:
backers of southern states’ rights
large northern industrialists
many evangelical Protestants
backers of the American System
did not include opponents of public education
The “cement” that held the Whig party together in its formative days was – hatred of Andrew Jackson.
The Whigs hoped to win the 1836 election by – forcing the election into the House of Representatives.
The Whigs offered all of the following proposals for the remedies of the economic ills facing America in 1837 -
expansion of bank credit
proposal of higher tariffs
proposal of subsidies for internal improvements
more active involvement on the part of the government
The Whig party drew support from -
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
southerners and states’ rights
large northern industrialists and merchants
Panic again!:
The Panic of 1837 was caused by all of the following:
rampant speculation
the Bank War
financial problems abroad
failure of wheat crops
But not by taking the country off the gold standard

Van Buren followed Jackson & “panics” plus inherits Jackson’s enemies:
President Martin Van Buren’s administration was troubled by -
his lack of personal popularity
antislavery agitation against the annexation of Texas
a serious economic depression
the inherited enemies of former president Andrew Jackson
The panic of 1837 was the result of -
over-speculation in internal improvements
the Bank War and Specie Circular
economic distress in Europe
Texas experiences illegal immigration in the 1830s – Mexico cannot permit immigrants to come illegally:
Americans moved into Texas
– after an agreement was concluded between Mexican authorities and Stephen Austin.
Stephen F. Austin’s grant from the Mexican government required that immigrants whom he helped settle in
Texas - become Mexican citizens & be Roman Catholics
Spanish authorities allowed Moses Austin to settle in Texas because
– they believed that Austin and his settlers might be able to civilize the territory.
The government of Mexico and the Americans who settled in Mexican-controlled Texas clashed over all of the
following issues:                                                                                   ;
slavery – immigration - local rights -          Santa Anna raising an army to use against Texas
But not over allegiance to Spain
Texas asserts its independence from Mexico over slavery:
Texans won their independence as a result of the victory over Mexican armies at the Battle of – San Jacinto.
Texas gained its independence with – help from Americans.
One reason for the Angle-Texan rebellion against Mexican rule was that
– the Anglo-Texans wanted to break away from a government that had grown too authoritarian. [relative]
Presidents Jackson and Van Buren hesitated to extend recognition to and to annex the new Texas Republic
because – antislavery groups in the United States opposed the expansion of slavery.
Most of the early American settlers in Texas came from – the South and Southwest. [many came with slaves]
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”:
The “Tippecanoe” in the Whigs’ 1840 campaign slogan was – William Harrison.
William Henry Harrison, the Whig party’s presidential candidate in 1840, was
– made to look like a poor western farmer.
Political Parties:
Both the Democratic party and the Whig party – were mass-based political parties.
The two political parties of the Jacksonian era tended to – be socially and geographically diverse.

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