Transformation Around the Globe study guide summary chapter

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Transformation Around the Globe study guide summary chapter

Chapter 28 Transformation Around the Globe – 1800 – 1914

Empire Building –

19th and 20th centuries Great Britain, the US and Europe tried to dominate various nations both economically and politically

Cultural Interaction –

Imperialism brought new religions, philosophies and technological innovations to East Asia, and Latin America
Chinese Japanese, and LA people resisted some Western ideas and adapted others

Revolution

China and Japan struggled to deal with foreign influence and modernization of their government
Mexicans staged a revolution that brought political and economic reform

China Responds to Pressure from the West

In the late 18th century, China had more people than any other empire in the world
China was under the Manus of the Qing Dynasty – and was very stable and secure

China Resists Foreign Influence

1793 the Qing emperor agreed to meet with an Ambassador from England who brought gifts – clocks, globes, musical instruments
Emperor was not impressed – Qing Emperor thought China had everything it all ready needed

China Remains Self-Sufficient

The economy of the Qing Dynasty was based on agriculture

They had a strain of quick growing rice from Southeast Asia
Other products such as maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts were brought to China from S. America

These crops helped China increase productivity of its land and effectively feed its 300 million people
Better nutrition led to a population boom
China also had extensive mining and manufacturing industries
Rich salt, tin, silver, and iron mines produced great quantities of ore
The Chinese people were essential self sufficient

The Tea-Opium Connection

The Chinese had little trading interest with the West
Foreigners were only allowed to trade at the Southern port of Guangzhou (gwahng-joh)
At Guangzhou China made way more money from exports than it spent on imports
Britain imported millions of pounds of tea from China every year
Europeans were determined to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities
They eventually found Opium – an addictive narcotic – made from a poppy plant
It took a little while for Opium smoking to catch on but by 1835 12 million Chinese people were addicted

War Breaks Out

Opium caused great social, moral and monetary problems fro the country
The Qing Emperor demanded that Britain stop smuggling Opium into China
Britain refused to stop trading Opium
The result was an open clash between China and Britain in 1839 called the Opium War
Battle took place mostly at sea where Chinese outdated ships were no match for Britain’s highly skilled navy
China suffered a humiliating defeat – 1842 the Peace Treaty of Nanjing was signed
The Treaty of Nanjing gave Great Britain the island of Hong Kong
1844 another treaty was signed by the US and other countries who gained Extraterritorial Rights- The rights provided exemption from Chinese law at four Chinese ports besides Guangzhou

Internal Problems Increase

China’s large population posed another problem for the dynasty
In 1850 the Chinese population had grown to 450 million a 30 percent gain in 60 year
Yet food production had barely increased – hunger was widespread – Millions starved
The Chinese government was full of corruption
The people became discouraged and opium addiction was steadily rising
The Chinese actively began to rebel against the Qing Dynasty

The Taiping Rebellion

China’s largest rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan (hungsheeoochooahn) – his revolt was called the Taiping Rebellion – Taiping meaning ‘great peace’ in Chinese
Beginning in 1840 Hong organized an army made up of primarily peasants – both men and women
By 1853 1 million people had join the forces – that year Hong captured the city of Nanjing and declared it his capital
The Taiping government controlled large areas of Southern China
By 1864 – The Qing Dynasty, with Britain and Frances help the rebellion was crushed and all the territory was back under Chinas control – at least 20 million people died and possible twice that many due to starvation, disease and fighting

China Wrestles with Reform (NOT THAT IMPORTANT)
The Dowager Empress Cixi Resists Change

During the last of the 1800s the Dowager Empress Cixi (Tsoo-Shee) from the Qing Dynasty ruled China
She was committed to traditional values but also wanted some reforms
She backed the self-strengthening movement – which improved Chinese educational systems, diplomatic service and military – China was able to produce its own warships and ammunition

Other Nations Step

Other countries were well aware of china’s weak military technology and its economic and political problems
Many foreign nations took advantage of their weaknesses and attacked China
Treaty negotiations after each conflict gave the west increasing control over China’s economy
These countries used Spheres of Influence – a region in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment
The US had a long trade relationship with China – in order to maintain that relationship the US declared an Open Door Policy – This policy proposed the China’s ‘doors’ be open to merchants of all nations – the policy protected both American Trading rights in Chian and China’s freedom from colonization

Chinese Nationalism Grows
Boxer Rebellion

Widespread frustration finally erupted
Poor peasants and workers resented the Chinese Christians and the special privileges given to foreigners
The peasants formed a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists – Also know as the Boxers
The Boxer Rebellion – was the campaign against the Dowager Empress’s rule and Foreigners privileges
Spring 1900 the Boxers marched to Beijing and surrounded the European section
They fought their for several months until a multinational force from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan and the US quickly defeated the Boxers
Boxer Rebellion was a failure – but it created a huge sense of nationalism in China- they felt that the government must become responsive to their needs

The Beginning of Reform

The Empress sent a group of Chinese officials to study other governments throughout the world because she new China needed to change
The officials recommended that China needed to restructure its government
The Empress accepted this recommendation and began making reforms
In 1908 the court announced that it would establish a constitutional government in 1917

Japan Modernizes – Section 2

Japan Ends It Isolation

Before mid 1800’s Japan had almost no contact (isolated) with the industrialized world

Facing the Demand for Foreign Trade

British, French, Russian and American official began trying to convince Japan to trade in the early 19th century
Similar to China – Japan did not want to trade with Foreign manufacturers
The President Of the US – Millard Fillmore sent a letter to Japan by way of steamship which was armed with cannon and guns delivered by Perry- Stating that the US wanted to re-supply their ships with coal and provisions for the journey back to America – and wanted Japan to open up their ports for trade
Japan replied with the Treaty of Kanagawa – signed in 1854 Japan opened two ports at which American ships could take on supplies. The treaty also allowed the US to set up an embassy in Japan
By 1860 Japan had granted foreigners permission to trade at their ports

Reform and Modernization Under the Meiji Reign

Meiji Era – The period of Japanese history from 1867 – 1912 when Mutsuhito was the ruler of Japan known as the Meiji – the ‘Enlightened Ruler’
Meiji believed the best way to oppose imperialism was to adopt new ways –
First act in the Meiji Era the Feudal lords gave their land to the Emperor so that the entire country could benefit from the land
The Meiji government sent its statesmen to Europe and North America to study foreign ways so that Japan could modernize
Japan modeled Germany’s strong central government and used their constitution as a model for their own
A small group of men held political power in Japan
Japans military modeled the German armies discipline and skill and modeled Britain’s Navy to modernize their military
Modeled America’s universal education and required all children go to school
Japan also industrialized by the early 20th century
Railroads, factory production flourished
Traditional Japanese industries gave them unique products to trade

Japanese Imperialism

Because of modernization and industrialization by 1890 Japan was the strongest military power in Asia
Japan had gained military, political, and economic strength – and began to have feelings of strength and equality with the Western Nations of Europe and America
As Japan’s sense of power grew, the nation also became more imperialistic
Japan saw empire building as a way of protecting its security and meeting economic needs
National pride also played a large part in this policy

Japan Attacks China

Japan first turned to its neighbors in other Asian countries
In 1876 Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports to Japanese trade
China also had interest in Korea as a trading partner and military outpost
In 1885 Japan and China signed a ‘hands off agreement’ saying that neither country would send their armies into Korea
In June 1894 China broke this agreement – Japan protested and sent its troops to Korea to fight the Chinese – this is known as the Sino-Japanese War
In a couple of months Japan drove out China and destroyed the Chinese navy
1895 China and Japan sign a peace treaty giving Japan its first colonies in Taiwan and Pescadores Islands

Russo-Japanese War

The western world was surprised at Japans victory over China – It changed the worlds balance of power
Russia and Japan emerged as the major powers- and enemies in East Asia
Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria – Russo – Japanese War – Japan drove Russian troops out of Korea – Japan won brutal land battles and captured most of Russia’s Pacific fleet
1905 Japan and Russia began peace negotiations – The Treaty of Portsmouth drafted by Teddy Roosevelt gave Japan the captured territories and forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and stay out of Korea

Korea Under Japanese Occupation

In 1910 Japan officially imposed annexation – in Korea – Brought Korea under Japan’s control
Japan was a harsh ruler – Forbade public protest, shut down newspapers, took over Korean schools
Replaced the study of Korean language and history with Japan
They took land away from Korean farmers and gave it Japanese settlers
Forbade Koreans from going into business in their own country
Results were a growing Korean nationalist movement
The Japanese did modernize transportation and communication systems in Korea
Japans rule of Korea was an example of imperialism at its worst

The Mexican Revolution – Section 4

Spanish Colonialism caused problems for Mexico as well
Most of the land in the American Southwest belonged to Mexico – America wanted it

Santa Anna And the Mexican War

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – dominated Mexican political life in the 19th century

Led Mexico in its fight for independence against Spain
Became Mexico’s President in 1833

The Texas Revolt

1820s Mexico encouraged American citizens to move to Mexican Territory
In return for inexpensive land Americans pledged to follow the laws Mexico
Issues between Mexicans and colonialist over slavery and religion began to cause tension
Stephen Austin a colonialist led a revolt to gain more self government from Mexico
Santa Anna was unsuccessful in containing the revolt – he was defeated and captured – Texas gained independence

War and the Fall of Santa Anna

1845 United States annexed Texas
Santa Anna’s army fought the U.S for two years and were eventually defeated
In 1848 Mexico and the U.S signed the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – The US received the Northern third of Mexico which included the Southwest portion of the current US and California

Juarez and La Reforma

Benito Juarez – a liberal reformer strongly influenced the politics of Mexico – he worked to sever his country not for his own power

Benito Juarez Rises to Power

Ancestry and racial background were important elements of political power and economic success in 19th century Mexico
Juarez was poor and put himself through school
He became a lawyer in 1831
Juarez gained a reputation for honesty, integrity, hard work, and good judgment
He was elected to the city legislature and rose steadily in power

Juarez Work for Reform

In the 1840s and 1850s Juarez worked to start a liberal reform movement called – La Refroma
Redistribution of land, separation of church and state and increased educational opportunities ere among its goals
When Santa Anna returned to power in 1853 he exiled Juarez
Rich landowners kept most other Mexicans in a cycle of debt and poverty

The French invade Mexico

Conservative Rebels were dissatisfied with the liberal governments and fought against them
The civil war lasted 3 years before the government defeated the rebels
Juarez became president in 1861
Mexico was deeply in debt after the civil war
Conservatives paired up with France to take back Mexico from the liberals
Napoleon III sent a large army to Mexico after 5 years Napoleon thought the war was too costly and backed out of Mexico
1867 Juarez was reelected President – he returned to reform
He promoted trade with foreign countries, began opening of new roads, building railroads, and the establishment of the telegraph system, he set up a national telegraph system
Legacy of Juarez – peace, progress, and reform

Porfirio Diaz and ‘Order and Progress’

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