American leads the second Industrial Revolution

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American leads the second Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution

Life in the West

when the US added lands from Mexico it also added Mexican residents to the US

after annexation many more Mexicans moved across the border (which was unregulated until WWI)

many Mexicans lost their land some due to fraud and coercion

Chinese immigrated in large numbers to the US many as "coolies" (indentured servants/ slaves)

Many Americans began to resent the Chinese - anti-Chinese agitation and violence spread combining economic and racist resentments

Chinese workers formed 90% of the labor force for construction of the Central Pacific

The scale of westward migration after the civil war dwarfed everything that preceded it

Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 encouraged settlement

Homestead Act of 1862 also encouraged settlement - settlers could buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land for 5 years and improved it

Followed by the Timber Cultural Act (1873) and Desert Land Act (1877) - fraud ran rampant in the administration of these acts

Labor shortages in the West led to higher wages (mostly in temporary ventures) which was a "pull factor" for migration. Working conditions and job security were poor.

The Western Economy

Three major industries of the west: mining, ranching, and commercial farming

Life span of the mining boom was relatively brief (1860-1890)

While gold and silver got lots of attention it was the less glamorous natural resources that proved more important to the development of the West (cooper, lead, tin, quartz, and zinc)

Men greatly outnumbered women in mining towns

Railroads gave birth to the range cattle-industry and also led to its downfall

Mexican ranchers had developed the techniques and equipment that the cattlemen and cowboys of the Great Plains later employed

Frenzied and speculative expansion of cattle ranching combined with shrinking ranges meant there wasn't enough grass to support the herds

The long drives disappeared but cattle ranches remained

Rise of farming on the Plains due to railroads and climate

Subsidiary lines to the transcontinental railroad made transportation easier

Many railroads encouraged settlement (to provide themselves with customers and increase the value of their land holdings)

1870s saw above average rainfall which made farming easier on the Plains

two problems faced by plains farmers : water (even w/ above average rain) and fencing

barbed wire fence developed to solve the fencing problem and created a revolution in fencing practices

arid years of 1880s + farmer debt led to reverse migration

commercial farmers were not self-sufficient but grew specialized crops that they sold to national or international markets

C. farmers were dependent on bankers, interest rates, railroads and freight rates, national and European markets

1880s worldwide overproduction led to a drop in prices for most agricultural goods

The East

Movement to the Cities

Availability of jobs

Opportunity for successful business opportunities

Fleeing bad situations

Social Class In the Cities

The Poor

new immigrants were coming to US to escape poverty and oppression at home and/or by expectations of new opportunities

housing shortages

substandard/tenement apartments

overcrowded

no electricity

many cases poor plumbing

poor ventilation

Children working and not going to school ( more about child labor, later)

The Result of extreme poverty

Breeding grounds for disaster

Diseases

Fires

Crime

Middle Class

Doctors

Small business

Factory workers

Office personnel

They were not wealthy, but for the most part comfortable

The Wealthy

Had successful businesses

Expanded existing successful businesses

Made profits from investments

Some amasses vast fortunes and lived extravagant life styles

Industry in the Late 1800

Factors which attributed to the United States becoming an Industrial Giant

abundant raw materials

gold

silver

coal

a large and growing labor supply

a surge in technological innovation

entrepreneurs

federal government eager to assist growth of business

great and expanding domestic market

Railroads

May have been one of the most significant elements in the development of the US economy

Were an industry in themselves

Railroad Barons

Some of the wealthiest people in the United States

Had enormous mansions

Entertained on a grand scale

In some cases were more powerful than the government

Trunk line:

Feeder lines to draw business into their main lines

Like a tree draws water into it’s trunk

Land Grant Lines

Land Grants Congressional grants allowed them parcels of land which they could sell immediately upon completion of their lines

Encourages immigration by offering reduced rates to people buying RR land

Occasionally got whole colonies to immigrated to the US

Mennonites

From Russia Went to Kansas Settled on land from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad

Important Because They brought with them a more resistant line of wheat: The Result: We became the breadbasket of the world

Oklahoma Sooners

March 1889

President Harrison

Proclamation for Free Homesteads in the West

Available at and after 12:00 noon on April 22,1889

thousands line up on the Oklahoma boarder

Gun shot and they rushed across the border to stake their claims

Some had snuck across the border before time

Oklahoma Sooners

Railroads and the economy

Added employment

Building railroad cars and lines created job encourages technological advances

Air Brake

Invented by George Westinghouse 1872

Now all the railroad cars could stop at the same time

Granville Woods invented improvements to electric railways and patented air brakes patented air brakes System.

the railroad telegraph, a device that transmitted messages between moving trains

Device for letting engineer of a train know how close they were, which cut down on accidents. improvements to electric railways with a device which allowed engineers to communicate with each other so they would know how close they were to each other to reduce accident

He invented a chicken egg incubator.

Apparatus for an amusement park ride.

The Railroad sleeping Car

George Pullman

Abraham Lincoln

Body taken back to Springfield IL

Women inventors

In 1870, Eliza Murfey patented 16 devices for improving the packing of journals and bearings for railroad-car axles.

These packing were used to lubricate the axles with oil which reduced derailments caused by seized axles and bearings.

In 1879, Mary Walton developed a method of deflecting smoke stack emissions through water tanks and later adapted the system for use on locomotives. (In the 1880s, many cities developed a mass transit system using noisy elevated trains.)To reduce the noise, Walton invented a sound-dampening system that cradled the track in a wooden box lined with cotton and then filled with sand. She received a patent for the system on February 8, 1881, and later sold the rights to the Metropolitan Railroad of New York City.

Mary I. Riggin

railway crossing gate

In addition, several patents for the construction of railway track by Catherine L. Gibbon.

Iron Oil and Electricity

Steel

is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon

The Beemer Process

Sir Henry Bessemer (January 19, 1813 – March 15, 1898

The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten

The Result

Increased production in the amount of steel

Railroads

Sky scrapers

Andrew Carnegie - (November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919)

founder of the Carnegie Steel Company

Later became U.S. Steel.

He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history

The first Billion dollar corporation

Sold the company to J.P Morgan\

1901

$400-500 million dollars

later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities in Scotland, America and worldwide

Petroleum –

Gasoline, also called petrol, is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons and enhanced with benzenes to increase octane ratings, used as fuel in internal combustion engines.

The early development of petroleum industry can be divided into two time period

The First

The first oil venture was Seneca Oil

Samuel Kier

Learned about medical benefits from the 1850s Native American

Kier found petroleum on his property

then called rock oil

He marketed it, with little success as Seneca Oil: “The Natural Remedy”

Kerosene

Alternative created because of high whale and vegetable oil prices

Canadian Abraham Gesne

Developed process to make lamp oil, “kerosene from coal.

Along with kerosene, other petroleum products came to the market.

petroleum jelly (Vaseline)

hair grease

petroleum fuels

steam ship

Oil stoves.

paints

varnishes

polishes

glues

rubber solvents

waterproofing material

The Second phase of the oil industry

When people learned how to drill for crude oil in large quantities, it became a booming industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Today it is BP

British petroleum

Rockefeller dominated the industry in the second period

Trust

Separate businesses under the control of one board of Trustees

Is a synonym for monopoly

The Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890

Outlawed Trust

Vertical Integration

Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process.

Vertical monopoly

Horizontal integration

Ownership of several companies that make the same product.

Horizontal monopoly

The Telephone Industry

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922

Telephone 1876

Looking for a way to improve speech for the deaf

Father taught speech to the deaf

Key developments in telephone history

1903 Telephone booth

1927 Transatlantic calls between England and the US

1949 Telephone answering machine ( wither more than 300 lbs (Switzerland)

1951 Direct dial

1963 push button system

1964 Fax machine

1968 911

1970 International direct dial

1973 first wireless phone

1977 area code

Thomas Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)

Laboratory in Menlo Park New Jersey

Edison did not invent the first electric light bulb, but instead invented the first commercially practical incandescent light.

Improved the telephone in 1877 and 1878

Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones along with the Bell receiver until the 1980s.

Edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph.

In April 1896, motion pictures (Thomas Armat's Vita scope) manufactured by the Edison factory and Marketed in Edison's name, were used to project in public screenings in New York City.

Later he exhibited motion pictures with voice soundtrack on cylinder recordings, mechanically synchronized with the film.

In 1908, Edison started the Motion Picture Patents Company, which was a conglomerate of nine major film studios (commonly known as the Edison Trust).

Edison is given credit for inventions developed by his staff

Granville T. Woods took Edison to court about his invention of the railroad telegraph

After Woods beat Edison Twice: Edison decided to work with Woods

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