Biology and genetics

 

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Biology and genetics

 

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Biology and genetics

 

Index of topics :

Biology list of terms

Biology notes and summaries

Biology study guide summary for quiz

 

Biological Terminology (Bio Terms):  Latin & Greek Word Parts (Prefixes, Root Words, and Suffixes)

 

 Biology students are faced with the challenge of learning a large number of new terms predominately based on the Latin and Greek languages.  Therefore, students should learn to recognize word parts since they often give clues as to the meaning of a word.  Research suggests that students knowledgeable of these terms score significantly higher on standardized tests (EOC, ACT, & PSAT).  During the summer, all Biology students must create study cards of the following word parts and learn them during the summer months.  All students will be quizzed on the following terms during the first full week of school and throughout the school year. 

                                                                                                                            

Word Part	Meaning	Example	Meaning of Example
a-, an-, non-, un-	Without, Not	Aphotic, Anaerobic, Nonrenewable	Without light, Without air or oxygen, Not able to replenish naturally
ab-, ef-	Away	Aboral, Efferent neuron	Away from the mouth, nerve cells going away from brain
ad-, af-	Toward	Adductor muscle, Afferent neuron	Muscle movement toward the body, nerve cells going toward the brain
adi-, lip-	Fat	Adipose, Liposuction	Fat tissue, Removing fat tissue
aero-	Air, Oxygen	Anaerobic	Without oxygen
amphi-	Both sides	Amphibian	Both sides of land and water
ana-	Up	Anabolic	Build up of larger molecules from smaller molecules
angio-	Vessel, Container	Angiosperm, Angiogram	Container for seed, Picture of a blood vessel
andro, anthro, homo (latin)	Man, Human	Androgen, Anthropoid, Homo sapien	Male hormone, Man-like, Man who is wise
anti-, contra-	Opposite, Against	Anticodon, Contraception	Opposite of codon, Against conception
aqua-, hydr-	Water	Aquatic, Hydration	Of water, With water
arthro-	Joint	Arthropod, Arthritis	Jointed foot, Joint inflamation
-ase	Enzyme	Amylase, Lipase	Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates, Enzyme that breaks down lipids
auto-	Self	Autotroph	Self feeder (can make their own energy, usually by photosynthesis)
avi-, orni-	Bird	Aviary, Ornithologist	Bird cage, Bird studier
bene-	Well Good	Beneficial	Mutualistic relationships benefit both organisms
bi-, di-, diplo-	Two	Bipedal, Diploid, Diplococcus	Two feet, Two sets of chromosomes, Two round bacteria
bio-, vita-	Life	Biosphere, Vitamin	Where life exists on earth, Organic molecules necessary for life
blast-	Germinate, Sprout, Bud	Blastula	Single layer of cells surrounding a cavity formed by cleavage of the fertilized egg
card-	Heart	Cardiology	Study of the heart
carn-	Meat, Flesh	Carnivore	Meat-eater
cat-, de-	Down	Catabolic, Decomposer	Break down of big molecules into small molecules, Break down of dead organisms
centi-	100	Centigrams	100 grams
chel-	Claw	Cheleped, Chelicerata	Clawed foot (lobster’s big claw), Classification of spiders with small claws
ceph-	Head	Cephalization	Concentration of sense organs at the front of an animal’s body, its head
cerv-	Neck	Cervical vertebrae	Bones of the neck
chloro-	Green	Chlorophyl	Green leaf
chrom-	Color	Chromosome	Colored body
-cide	Kill	Herbacide, Insecticide	Plant killer, Insect killer
co-, com-, con-	Together, Both, With	Codominance, Community, Conjugation	Both alleles (trait type – size, color) are dominant, Organisms living together
coel (seel)	Space, Cavity, Hollow	Eucoelomate	Having a true body cavity or hollow space  (within the mesoderm germ layer)
corp, som	Body	Corpse, Somatic cell	Dead body, Body cell (any cell that is not an egg or sperm)
-cyst	Capsule, Sac, Pouch	Nematocyst	A capsule within specialized cells of certain coelenterates (jellyfish) containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting
-cyte	Cell	Erythrocyte, Osteocyte	Red blood cell, Bone cell
deca-, deci-	10	Decameter, Deciliter	10 meters, 10 liters
decid-	Cut Off	Deciduous	Deciduous trees lose their leaves in the fall
dendro-, arbor-	Tree	Dendrochronology, Arboretum	Counting tree rings to determine its age, Place where many different trees grow
dent, dont	Tooth or Teeth	Dental plaque, Orthodontist	Teeth with patches of bacterial growth, Dr. who straightens teeth
derm	Skin	Epidermis, Ectoderm	Top skin layer, Outer layer of tissue/skin during embryo development
deutero-	Second	Deuterostome	Mouth develops second (the anus develops first)
dia-, dif-, diss-	Through, Apart, Across	Diarrhea, Dissect, Diffusion	Flow through, Cut apart, Across (cell membrane)
dors-, noto-	The Back	Dorsal fin, Notochord	Fin on the back of a fish, A embryonic structure that will become vertebrae
echin-	Spiny	Echinoderm, Echidna	Spiny skin (sea star), (spiny anteater)
eco-	Where one lives, Home	Ecology	Study of where organisms live
ecto-, exo-	Out, Outside	Ectoderm, Exoskeleton	Outer layer of tissue during embryo development, Skeleton on outside of body
-emia	Blood Condition	Hyperglycemia, Sickle cell anemia	High blood sugar levels, Sickle shaped red blood cells (should be circular)
entomo-, insect	Insect	Entomologist, Insectivore	Insect studier, Insect eater
epi-	Upon, Over, Atop	Epidermis, Epicardium, Epiphytes	Upon the dermis (skin), Over the heart, Atop a plant
Equ-, iso-	Equal, Same	Isotonic, Equilibrium	Solute levels are equal on both sides of a membrane (inside & outside the cell)
erthr-	Red	Erythrocyte	Red blood cell
eu-	True	Eukaryote, Eucoelomate	True nucleus (protective membrane around DNA), True body cavity
ex-, extra-, exo-	Out, Outside, Beyond	Extinct, Extracellular, Extrapolation	Died out, Outside the cell, Beyond known values (on a graph)
gastr-	Stomach	Gastrointestinal (GI)	Stomach and intestines
geo	Earth	Geotropim	A plant’s response to the earth’s gravity
hapl-, mono-, uni-	One	Haploid, Monosaccharide, Unicellular	One set of chromosomes, One unit of sugar (glucose), one celled organism
herb-, -phyte	Plant	Herbivore, Epiphyte	Plant eater, Atop a plant
homo (greek)	Same	Homozygous	Same alleles (form of a gene);
hyper-	More, Excessive	Hypertonic, Hypertension	More solute (something dissolved in water), Excessive blood pressure
hypo-, sub-	Less, Below	Hypotonic, Hypotension, Subatomic	Less solute, Below normal blood pressure, Below atoms (protons, neutrons, electrons)
lingu	Tongue	Sublingual	Under the tongue
gnath (nath)	Jaw	Agnathan	A fish without a jaw
gram, -graph	Written or Picture	Electrocardiogram, Sonography	Print out of the heart’s electrical activity, Taking  pictures using sound waves
helix	Spiral, Coil	Double helix	Two strands in a spiraled shape
hem-	Blood	Hemorrhage	Bleed heavily
hepato-	Liver	Hepatitis	Inflammation of the liver
herp-	Reptile	Herpetologist	Study of reptiles (lizards, croc’s, turtles, and snakes)
hetero-	Different, Other	Heterozygous, Heterotroph	Offspring gets different forms of same trait (Tt), Other feeder (ex. herbivore)
ichthyes	Fish	Chondrychthyes, Osteichthyes	Fish with a cartilage skeleton, Fish with a bony skeleton
inter-	Between	Intercellular	Between cells
intra-, endo-	Inside	Intracellular, Endoderm	Inside a cell, Inside layer of a developing embryo
-itis	Inflammation of	Dermatitis, Laryngitis	Inflammation of the skin, Inflammation of the larynx (voicebox)
karyo, caryo	Cell Nucleus	Prokaryote, Procaryotic	Cells without a nucleus
kilo-, mill-	1000	Kilogram, Milliliter	1000 grams, 1000th of a liter
leuco-, leuko-	White	Leucocyte	White blood cell
loc	Place	Locus	Place on a chromosome where a specific gene is found
logy	Study or Science of	Mycology, Virology	Study of Fungi, Study of Viruses
lys-	To Loosen	Lyses, Cytolysis	Process of loosening up or digesting a cell membrane causing cell death
macro-, mega-	Large	Macromolecule, Megafauna	Large molecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids), Big animals
Mal, dis, dys	Bad or Ill	Malnutrition, Disease, Dystrophy	The tumor was malignant.
mar-	Sea	Marine Biology	Study of life in the Sea or Ocean
medi-, meso-	Middle	Medial, Mesoderm	Middle, Middle layer of tissue during embryo development
meta-	Change	Metamorphosis, Metastasis	Change in shape or location; Cancer cells that change location (spread),
meter	Measurement	Spirometer, Sphygmomanometer	Measures inhalation & exhalation, Measures blood pressure
micro-	Small	Microsporangia, Microbiology	Small spore carriers (male), Study of microbes (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
morph	Shape, Form	Mesomorph, Metamorphosis	Middle form, Change in shape (tadpole to frog)
multi, myria, poly-	Many	Multicellular, Myriapod, Polysaccharide	Organism made of many cells, Organism w/many feet, Many monosaccharides
muta-	Change	Mutation	Change in the # or sequence of DNA
myo-	Muscle	Myofibril, Fibromyalgia	Muscle cell, Muscle pain
nasal, rhin, probosc	Nose	Nasal septum, Rhinoplasty, Proboscis	Wall dividing nasal cavity, Surgery of reshaping the nose, Elephant’s trunk
neo-	New	Neonatal	Newborn
nephr-, renal	Kidney	Nephron, Renal vein	Part of the kidney that filters/cleans blood, Vessel taking blood to the kidney
nom-	Name	Binomial nomenclature	Two-name naming system (Homo sapien = Humans)
oct-	8	Octopus	8 feet
oma	Tumor, Swelling	Carcinoma, Lymphoma	Cancer-causing tumor, Tumor of the lymphatic system
omni-, toti-	All	Omnivore, Totipotent	Eats all – plants & animals, All important cell (zygote) – becomes all cells
oo-, ov-	Egg	Oogonia, Oviduct, Oviparous	Egg stem cells, Egg carrying tube, Eggs that are hatched outside the mother
orth-	Straight	Orthoptera, Orthodontist	Straight-winged insect order (grasshoppers), Dr. who straightens teeth
ose, gly, sacchar	Sugar	Glucose	A simple sugar or monosaccharide made by photosynthesis in autotrophs
-osis	Act, Condition	Acidosis	Too  much acid in body fluids
oste-	Bone	Osteoarthritis, Osteocyte	Inflammation where bones meet (joint), Bone cell
paleo-, archeo-	Old, Ancient	Paleontology, Archeology	Study of fossils and the history of earth, Study of ancient civilizations
para-	Beside	Parallel, Parapodia	Side by Side, Feet to the side
patho-	Disease	Pathogens	Disease-causing organisms (some bacteria, some viruses, etc.)
ped, pod	Feet, Foot	Centipede, Tetrapod	100 feet, 4 feet
pent-	5	Pentradial, Pentose	5 spokes or rays (sea star has 5 rays/arms); 5 carbon sugar
peri-	Around	Pericardium	Around the heart
phago, troph, vore	To Feed or Eat	Phagocyte, Autotroph, Carnivore	Eating cell (white blood cells), Self-Feeders (photosynthesizers), Meat eater
phore	Carry, To Bear	Chromatophore	Color or pigment carrying cell
photo-, lumin	Light	Photosynthesis, Bioluminescence	Using light to make glucose, Organisms that can create light
phyte, phyto	Plant	Epiphyte	A plant that grows atop of another plant
pinn-, plum-, -pter	Wing, Feather, Fin	Pinnepedia, Plummage, Hymenoptera	Using fins for feet (seals), Feather shape & patterns, Straight membraned wings
pino-	Drink	Pinocytosis	Process of a cell engulfing/drinking liquids or dissolved substances
platy-	Flat	Platyhelminthes, Platypus	Flatworm, Flat foot
ploid	Chromosome	Haploid, Diploid	One set of chromosomes, Two sets of chromosomes
pneumo-, pulmo-	Lungs	Pneumonia, Pulmonary artery	Infection of the lungs, Vessel taking blood from the heart to the lungs
post-	After	Post mortem	After death
pre-, pro	Before, Forward	Prenatal	Before birth
prim-, prot-	First	Primary consumer, Protozoa	1st organisms to eat producers (herbivores), 1st animal
pseudo-	False	Pseudocoelomate, Pseudopodium	False body cavity (between ecto- & endoderm), False foot (found in amoeba’s)
quat-, quad, tetra-	4	Quarternary, Quadiceps, Tetrapod	4th, 4 heads, 4 feet
re-	Again	Reproduce	Produce again
rhea, rrhea	Flow or Discharge	Diarrhea	Frequent passage of loose, watery, soft stools
sal	Salt	Saline	Full of salt or salt containing
sapr-	Rotten	Saprotroph	Feeds on Rotting organic matter/dead organisms (also called decomposers)
schizo-	Split	Schizocoely, Schizophrenia	Cavity formed at the split of the endo- & ectoderm (protostomes), Split mind
scope	View, See	Microscopic, Macroscopic	To see or view something small, To see or view something w/o using a scope
sect, -tom	Cut	Bisect, Anatomy	Cut in two, To cut up
semi-, hemi-	One-Half	Semipermeable, Hemisphere	Allows some (1/2), but not all things through, One-half a sphere (ball-shape)
sperm	Seed	Spermacide, Spermatid	Sperm killer, A small or immature sperm
spir	Breathe	Inspire, Spiracle	To breathe in, Hole found on insects for air to enter and leave (breathing)
stas, stat	Unchanging	Homeostasis	Unchanging chemical conditions in healthy organisms
stom-, ora	Mouth	Stomata, Oral cavity	Hole or mouth in leaves allowing gas exchange (O2 & CO2), Mouth space
sym-, syn,- sys	With, Together	Symbiosis, Synthesize, System	Organisms living with each other, Put together, Working together
tax-	Arrange	Taxonomy	A system used to arrange or classify a large number of organisms
telo-	End	Telophase, Telomeres	End of mitosis, End or tip of chromosomes
terr	Land	Terrestrial ecosystem	All living and nonliving things in a designated area on land
tert-, tri-	3	Tertiary, Trisomy	3rd, 3 bodies (chromosomes)
therm	Heat	Thermophile, Thermometer	Bacteria that live in hot areas, Heat measuring instrument
toxic	Poison	Neurotoxin, Hemotoxin	Poison to the nervous system, Poison in the blood
trans-, per-	Across, Through	Transport, Transdermal, Permeable	Across a cell membrane, Through the skin, Through a cell membrane
trop, volv	Turn, Change	Phototropism, Evolution	Plant’s response of turning toward light, How organisms change over time
ventr-	Belly	Ventral	Belly portion of an organism (portion of a worm that touches the ground)
vore	Devour	Carnivore	Carnivores devour meat or flesh
zo	Animal	Zoology	Study of animals
zyg	Yoke (egg + sperm)	Zygote, Homozygous	Union of egg & sperm, Zygote receives the same genes from both egg & sperm

 

The best way to study the bio terms is to read (silently & out loud) through your cards both term-first and definition-first so that can you get used to remembering both ways.  Go through the entire stack MULTIPLE times day and night.  During concentrated study times, go through the cards a first time and place all of the cards answered wrong in a separate pile.  Go through the pile of wrongly answered cards, and again place all the cards answered incorrectly in a separate pile. Keep going through the “wrong” pile until there aren’t any cards left that you can’t answer. Repeat this process from the beginning until you are able to go through the entire stack of bio terms without missing any.  Give the terms to another person and have them quiz you. If you are able to answer 95% of them right – then CELEBRATE and sleep on it.  Review the stack at least 3x’s a week to integrate the terms into long term memory.   

 

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